State Codes and Statutes
Statutes > North-dakota > T261 > T261c25
Download pdf
Loading PDF...
<![CDATA[CHAPTER 26.1-25FIRE, PROPERTY, AND CASUALTY INSURANCE RATES26.1-25-01. Purpose of chapter - Construction. The purpose of this chapter is topromote the public welfare by regulating insurance rates so that they are not excessive,<br>inadequate, or unfairly discriminatory, and to authorize and regulate limited cooperative action<br>among insurers in ratemaking-related activities and in other matters within the scope of this<br>chapter. Nothing in this chapter is intended to prohibit or discourage reasonable competition, or<br>to prohibit, or encourage except to the extent necessary to accomplish the aforementioned<br>purpose, uniformity in rating systems, rating plans, or practices. This chapter must be liberally<br>interpreted to carry into effect this section.26.1-25-02. Scope of chapter.1.This chapter applies to fire, marine, inland marine, hail, windstorm, cyclone, tornado,<br>explosion, water damage, and all other forms of insurance on property, and the loss<br>of use and occupancy thereof, and to casualty insurance, including fidelity, surety,<br>and guaranty bonds, and all other forms of motor vehicle insurance, as defined and<br>set forth in subsections 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 of section 26.1-12-11 and in<br>subsections 1, 2, 5, 6, and 7 of section 26.1-05-02, except as hereinafter excluded.<br>Inland marine insurance is deemed to include insurance now or hereafter defined by<br>statute, or by interpretation thereof, or if not so defined or interpreted, by ruling of the<br>commissioner or as established by general custom of the business, as inland marine<br>insurance. This chapter does not apply to:a.Reinsurance other than joint reinsurance to the extent stated in section<br>26.1-25-10.5.b.Accident and health insurance.c.Insurance of vessels or craft, their cargoes, marine builders' risks, marine<br>protection and indemnity, or other risks commonly insured under marine, as<br>distinguished from inland marine, insurance policies.d.Insurance against loss or damage to aircraft or against liability, other than<br>workforce safety and insurance and employers' liability, arising out of<br>ownership, maintenance, or use of aircraft.2.This chapter applies to every insurer, including every stock or mutual company,<br>reciprocal or interinsurance exchange, authorized by any provision of the laws of this<br>state to transact any of the kinds of insurance. However, except with respect to<br>policies issued pursuant to section 26.1-13-15 in any incorporated city with a<br>population over ten thousand, this chapter does not apply to county mutual<br>insurance companies organized under chapter 26.1-13.3.If any kind of insurance, subdivision, or combination thereof, or type of coverage,<br>subject to this chapter, is also subject to regulation by another rate regulatory act of<br>this state, an insurer to which both acts are otherwise applicable shall file with the<br>commissioner a designation as to which rate regulatory act is applicable to it with<br>respect to the kind of insurance, subdivision, or combination thereof, or type of<br>coverage.26.1-25-02.1. Definitions.1."Advisory organization" means any entity, including its affiliates or subsidiaries,<br>which either has two or more member insurers or is controlled either directly or<br>indirectly by two or more insurers, and which assists insurers in ratemaking-related<br>activities as enumerated in this chapter. Two or more insurers having a commonPage No. 1ownership or operating in this state under common management or control<br>constitute a single insurer for purposes of this definition.2."Commercial risk" means any kind of risk which is not a personal risk.3."Competitive market" means a commercial risk market that has not been found to be<br>noncompetitive as provided for in section 26.1-25-04. All commercial risk markets<br>except crop hail, farmowners, and medical malpractice insurance are presumed to<br>be competitive.4."Developed losses" means losses including loss adjustment expenses, adjusted,<br>using standard actuarial techniques, to eliminate the effect of differences between<br>current payment or reserve estimates and those needed to provide actual ultimate<br>loss including loss adjustment expense payments.5."Expenses" means that portion of a rate attributable to acquisition, field supervision,<br>collection expenses, general expenses, taxes, licenses, and fees.6."Joint underwriting" means a voluntary arrangement established to provide<br>insurance coverage for a commercial risk pursuant to which two or more insurers<br>jointly contract with the insured at a price and under policy terms agreed upon<br>between the insurers.7."Loss trending" means any procedure for projecting developed losses to the average<br>date of loss for the period during which the policies are to be effective.8."Noncompetitive market" means the crop hail, farmowners, and medical malpractice<br>insurance markets together with any other line of commercial risk insurance that has<br>not been found by the commissioner to have a reasonable degree of<br>competitiveness within the market considering:a.Market concentration and changes in market concentration determined through<br>the use of the Herfindahl-Hirschman index and the United States department of<br>justice merger guidelines for an unconcentrated market;b.The existence of financial and other barriers that prevent a company from<br>entering the market;c.The number of insurers or groups of affiliated insurers providing coverage in the<br>market;d.The extent to which any insurer or group of affiliated insurers controls the<br>market;e.Whether the total number of companies writing the line of insurance in this<br>state is sufficient to provide multiple insurance options in the market;f.The availability of insurance coverage to consumers in the markets by specific<br>geographic area, by line of insurance, and by class of risk; andg.The opportunities available in the market to acquire pricing and other consumer<br>information.A determination that a market is noncompetitive may not be based solely on the<br>consideration of any one factor.9."Personalrisk"meanshomeowners,tenants,privatepassengernonfleetautomobiles, mobile homes, and other property and casualty insurance for personal,<br>family, or household needs.Page No. 210."Pool" means a voluntary arrangement, established on an ongoing basis, pursuant<br>to which two or more insurers participate in the sharing of risks on a predetermined<br>basis. The pool may operate through an association, syndicate, or other pooling<br>agreement.11."Prospective loss costs" means that portion of a rate that does not include provisions<br>for expenses other than loss adjustment expenses, or profit, and are based on<br>historical aggregate losses and loss adjustment expenses adjusted through<br>development to their ultimate value and projected through trending to a future point<br>in time.12."Rate" means that cost of insurance per exposure unit whether expressed as a<br>single member or as a prospective loss cost with an adjustment to account for the<br>treatment of expenses, profit, and individual insurer variation in loss experience,<br>prior to any application of individual risk variations based on loss or expense<br>considerations, and does not include minimum premium.13."Residual market mechanism" means an arrangement, either voluntary or mandated<br>by law, involving participation by insurers in the equitable apportionment among<br>them of insurance which may be afforded applicants who are unable to obtain<br>insurance through ordinary methods.14."Supplementary rating information" includes any manual or plan of rates,<br>classification,ratingschedule,minimumpremium,policyfee,rating rule,underwriting rule, statistical plan, and any other similar information needed to<br>determine the applicable rate in effect or to be in effect.15."Supporting information" means:a.The experience and judgment of the filer and the experience or date of other<br>insurers or advisory organizations relied upon by the filer;b.The interpretation of any other data relied upon by the filer; andc.Descriptions of methods used in making the rates and any other information<br>required by the commissioner to be filed.26.1-25-03. Making of rates.1.Rates must be made in accordance with the following provisions:a.Due consideration must be given to past and prospective loss experience within<br>this state and outside this state to the extent that the consideration is given to<br>areas the commissioner determines are representative of this state, to any<br>conflagration and catastrophe hazards, to a reasonable margin for profit and<br>contingencies, to dividends, savings, or unabsorbed premium deposits allowed<br>or returned by insurers to their policyholders, members, or subscribers, to past<br>andprospectiveexpensesbothcountrywide,asdeterminedbythecommissioner, and those specially applicable to this state, and to all other<br>relevant factors within and outside this state. In the case of fire insurance rates,<br>consideration must be given to the experience of the fire insurance business<br>during a period of not less than the most recent five-year period for which the<br>experience is available.In determining the reasonableness of the profit,consideration may be given to investment income.b.The systems of expense provisions included in the rates for use by any insurer<br>or group of insurers may differ from those of other insurers or group of insurers<br>to reflect the requirements of the operating methods of any such insurer or<br>group with respect to any kind of insurance, or with respect to any subdivisionPage No. 3or combination thereof for which subdivision or combination separate expense<br>provisions are applicable.c.Risks may be grouped by classifications for the establishment of rates and<br>minimum premiums. Classification rates may be modified to produce rates for<br>individual risks in accordance with rating plans which establish standards for<br>measuring variations in hazards or expense provisions, or both. The standards<br>may measure any differences among risks that can be demonstrated to have a<br>probable effect upon losses or expense. No risk classification, however, may<br>be based upon race, creed, national origin, or the religion of the insured.d.Rates may not be excessive, inadequate, or unfairly discriminatory.2.Except to the extent necessary to meet subdivision d of subsection 1, uniformity<br>among insurers in any matters within the scope of this section is neither required nor<br>prohibited.3.Rates made in accordance with this section may be used subject to this chapter.26.1-25-04. Rate filings.1.Every insurer shall file with the commissioner, except as to inland marine risks which<br>by general custom of the business are not written according to manual rates or<br>rating plans, every manual, minimum class rate, rating schedule or rating plan, and<br>every other rating rule, and every modification of any of the foregoing which it<br>proposes to use. Every filing must state the proposed effective date thereof and<br>must indicate the character and extent of the coverage contemplated. When a filing<br>is not accompanied by the information upon which the insurer supports the filing,<br>and the commissioner does not have sufficient information to determine whether the<br>filing meets the requirements of this chapter, the commissioner shall require the<br>insurer to furnish the information upon which it supports the filing and the waiting<br>period commences as of the date the information is furnished. Every insurer shall<br>file or incorporate by reference to material which has been approved by the<br>commissioner, at the same time as the filing of the rate, all supplementary rating and<br>supporting information to be used in support of or in conjunction with a rate. The<br>information furnished in support of a filing may include:a.The experience or judgment of the insurer or advisory organization making the<br>filing.b.Its interpretation of any statistical data upon which it relies.c.The experience of other insurers or advisory organizations.d.Any other relevant factors.A filing and any supporting information is open to public inspection after the filing<br>becomes effective. Specific inland marine rates on risks specially rated, made by an<br>advisory organization, must be filed with the commissioner.2.After reviewing an insurer's filing, the commissioner may require that the insurer's<br>rates be based upon the insurer's own loss and expense information. If the insurer's<br>loss or allocated loss adjustment expense information is not actuarially credible, as<br>determined by the commissioner, the insurer may use or supplement its experience<br>with information filed with the commissioner by an advisory organization. Insurers<br>utilizing the services of an advisory organization must provide with their rate filing, at<br>the request of the commissioner, a description of the rationale for such use,<br>including its own information and method of utilization of the advisory organization'sPage No. 4information. This chapter does not require any insurer to become a member of or a<br>subscriber to any advisory organization.3.The commissioner shall review filings as soon as reasonably possible after they<br>have been made in order to determine whether they meet the requirements of this<br>chapter.4.Subject to the exceptions specified in subsections 5 and 6, each filing must be on file<br>for a waiting period of sixty days before it becomes effective. The period may be<br>extended by the commissioner for an additional period not to exceed fifteen days if<br>the commissioner gives written notice within the waiting period to the insurer or<br>advisory organization which made the filing that the commissioner needs the<br>additional time for the consideration of the filing. Upon written application by the<br>insurer or advisory organization, the commissioner may authorize a filing which the<br>commissioner has reviewed to become effective before the expiration of the waiting<br>period or any extension thereof. A filing is deemed to meet the requirements of this<br>chapter unless disapproved by the commissioner within the waiting period or any<br>extension thereof.5.A filing with respect to a competitive market commercial risk rate filing, a private<br>passenger automobile rate filing in which the average rate change is less than five<br>percent, or a homeowner rate filing in which the average rate change is less than<br>five percent is deemed to meet the requirements of this chapter until such time as<br>the commissioner reviews the filing and so long thereafter as the filing remains in<br>effect.Specific inland marine rates on risks specially rated by an advisoryorganization become effective when filed and are deemed to meet the requirements<br>of this chapter until such time as the commissioner reviews the filing and so long<br>thereafter as the filing remains in effect.6.An insurer must file notice of a rate change for either a competitive market<br>commercial risk product, a private passenger automobile rate filing in which the<br>average rate change is less than five percent, or a homeowner rate filing in which<br>the average rate change is less than five percent with the commissioner within thirty<br>days after implementing the rate change. The exemption provided in subsection 5<br>for a private passenger automobile or homeowner rate change filing is limited to no<br>more than one filing per calendar year.7.The commissioner after notice and hearing may determine by order that a<br>commercial risk market is noncompetitive.A rate filing for a product in anoncompetitive commercial risk market is subject to the provisions of this chapter.<br>The commissioner's order finding that a commercial risk market is noncompetitive<br>expires after two years.8.Under any rules the commissioner may adopt, the commissioner may, by written<br>order, suspend or modify the requirement of filing as to any kind of insurance,<br>subdivision, or combination thereof, or as to classes of risks, the rates for which<br>cannot practicably be filed before they are used. The orders and rules must be<br>made known to insurers and advisory organizations affected thereby.Thecommissioner may make any examination the commissioner deems advisable to<br>ascertain whether any rates affected by the order meet the standards set forth in<br>subdivision e of subsection 1 of section 26.1-25-03.9.Upon the written application of the insured, stating the insured's reasons therefor,<br>filed with and approved by the commissioner, a rate in excess of that provided by a<br>filing otherwise applicable may be used on any specific risk.10.No insurer may make or issue a contract or policy except in accordance with the<br>filings that have been approved and are in effect for the insurer as provided in this<br>chapter or in accordance with subsection 8 or 9.Page No. 511.Nothing in this chapter may be construed to require an advisory organization or its<br>members or its subscribers to immediately refile final rates or premium charges<br>previously approved by the commissioner. Members or subscribers of an advisory<br>organization are authorized to continue to use insurance rates or premium charges<br>approved before July 1, 1991, or decreases from those rates or premium charges<br>filed by the advisory organization and subsequently approved after July 1, 1991.26.1-25-04.1. Motor vehicle insurance rate filings - Premium reduction for accidentprevention course completion. All rate filings with the commissioner for motor vehicle liability<br>and physical damage insurance must provide for an appropriate reduction in premium charges<br>for the principal operators of motor vehicles for at least a two-year period following their<br>successful completion of a motor vehicle accident prevention course. The reduction in premium<br>charges must be separately disclosed.The premium billing must disclose the reduction inpremium charges with respect to the person eligible for the reduction. The reduction in premium<br>charges does not apply to an operator who is subject to an experience rating or a driver<br>education premium reduction.If a policy insures two or more motor vehicles, the premiumreduction applies only to the motor vehicle principally operated by the person who has<br>satisfactorily completed the motor vehicle accident prevention course.The course must beapproved by the superintendent of the state highway patrol. The course sponsor shall provide<br>each successful participant a certificate that is the basis for the insurance discount. A driver<br>fifty-five years of age or older who successfully completes an approved motor vehicle accident<br>prevention course is entitled to a three-year insurance premium reduction. The reduction may be<br>applied only to a private passenger motor vehicle or a pickup truck or van that has a gross<br>vehicle weight of less than ten thousand pounds [4535.92 kilograms] and which is not used for<br>delivering or transporting goods or materials unless the delivery and transport is incidental to an<br>operator's business.26.1-25-04.2. Motor vehicle accident surcharge. Concerning motor vehicle accidentsoccurring after August 1, 1993:1.An insurer may not assess an accident surcharge on the policy of any insured as a<br>result of a comprehensive coverage claim or when the insured's unattended vehicle<br>was legally parked when the damage occurred.2.An insurer may not assess an accident surcharge on the policy of any insured when<br>a claim has been paid pursuant to section 26.1-40-17.1 unless the insurer is not<br>entitled to recover damages from the party at fault.26.1-25-04.3. Disclosure of accident surcharge and loss of discount. Before, or atthe time of issuance of a policy, an insurer insuring a motor vehicle must notify the insured in<br>writing of the insurer's underwriting and rating procedures applicable to accident surcharges and<br>loss of discounts.26.1-25-04.4. Notice of withdrawal. An insurer must provide the commissioner noticein writing of its plan to cease writing and renewing a property and casualty insurance product<br>before the notification of agents and policyholders. The notice must contain the effective date of<br>the plan, the number of policies affected, and the reason therefor.26.1-25-05. Disapproval of filings.1.If within the waiting period or any extension thereof as provided in subsection 4 of<br>section 26.1-25-04 the commissioner finds that a filing does not meet the<br>requirements of this chapter, the commissioner shall send to the insurer or advisory<br>organization which made the filing written notice of disapproval of the filing<br>specifying therein in what respects the commissioner finds the filing fails to meet the<br>requirements of this chapter and stating that the filing will not become effective.2.If within thirty days after a filing subject to subsection 5 of section 26.1-25-04 has<br>become effective the commissioner finds that the filing does not meet thePage No. 6requirements of this chapter, the commissioner shall send to the insurer or advisory<br>organization that made the filing written notice of disapproval of the filing specifying<br>therein in what respects the commissioner finds that the filing fails to meet the<br>requirements of this chapter and stating when, within a reasonable period thereafter,<br>the filing will be deemed no longer effective. The disapproval may not affect any<br>contract made or issued prior to the expiration of the period set forth in the notice.3.If at any time subsequent to the applicable review period provided for in subsection 1<br>or 2 the commissioner finds that a filing does not meet the requirements of this<br>chapter, the commissioner shall, after a hearing held upon not less than ten days'<br>written notice, specifying the matters to be considered at the hearing, to every<br>insurer and advisory organization which made the filing, issue an order specifying in<br>what respects the commissioner finds that the filing fails to meet the requirements of<br>this chapter, and stating when, within a reasonable period thereafter, the filing will be<br>deemed no longer effective. Copies of the order must be sent to every such insurer<br>and advisory organization. The order may not affect any contract or policy made or<br>issued prior to the expiration of the period set forth in the order.4.Any person or organization aggrieved with respect to any filing which is in effect may<br>make written application to the commissioner for a hearing thereon. However, the<br>insurer or advisory organization that made the filing may not proceed under this<br>subsection.The application must specify the grounds to be relied upon by theapplicant. If the commissioner finds that the application is made in good faith, that<br>the applicant would be so aggrieved if the grounds are established, and that the<br>grounds otherwise justify holding such a hearing, the commissioner shall, within<br>thirty days after receipt of the application, hold a hearing upon not less than ten<br>days' written notice to the applicant and to every insurer and advisory organization<br>which made the filing. If, after the hearing, the commissioner finds that the filing<br>does not meet the requirements of this chapter, the commissioner shall issue an<br>order specifying in what respects the filing fails to meet the requirements of this<br>chapter, and stating when, within a reasonable period thereafter, the filing will be<br>deemed no longer effective. Copies of the order must be sent to the applicant and<br>to every such insurer and advisory organization.The order may not affect anycontract or policy made or issued prior to the expiration of the period set forth in the<br>order.5.A manual, minimum class rate, rating schedule, rating plan, or rating rule, or any<br>modification of any of the foregoing, which has been filed pursuant to the<br>requirements of section 26.1-25-04, may not be disapproved if the rates thereby<br>produced meet the requirements of this chapter.26.1-25-06. Rating organizations. Repealed by S.L. 1991, ch. 302, <meta property="og:url" content="https://statutes.laws.com/test/" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Statutes" />
<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2019-12-27T23:25:16+00:00" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<h2>State Codes and Statutes</h2>
<a href='https://statutes.laws.com/'>Statutes</a> > <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota'>North-dakota</a> > <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota/t261'>T261</a> > <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota/t261/t261c25'>T261c25</a><br><br><a href="https://law.justia.com/codes/north-dakota/2009/t261/pdf/t261c25.pdf">Download pdf</a><br><div id="embed_document" style="width:625px; height:815px; text-align:center;">Loading PDF...</div><script type="text/javascript"> var pdf_url = 'https://law.justia.com/codes/north-dakota/2009/t261/pdf/t261c25.pdf'; $(document).ready(function() { var embedwindow = $("#embed_document"); if ($.browser.msie){ embedwindow.html('<embed src="'+pdf_url+'" width="100%" height="100%"></embed>'); } else { embedwindow.html('<iframe style="width:100%; height:100%;" src="https://docs.google.com/gview?url='+window.escape(pdf_url)+'&embedded=true" frameborder="0"></iframe>'); } });</script><br><br><noframes>CHAPTER 26.1-25FIRE, PROPERTY, AND CASUALTY INSURANCE RATES26.1-25-01. Purpose of chapter - Construction. The purpose of this chapter is topromote the public welfare by regulating insurance rates so that they are not excessive,<br>inadequate, or unfairly discriminatory, and to authorize and regulate limited cooperative action<br>among insurers in ratemaking-related activities and in other matters within the scope of this<br>chapter. Nothing in this chapter is intended to prohibit or discourage reasonable competition, or<br>to prohibit, or encourage except to the extent necessary to accomplish the aforementioned<br>purpose, uniformity in rating systems, rating plans, or practices. This chapter must be liberally<br>interpreted to carry into effect this section.26.1-25-02. Scope of chapter.1.This chapter applies to fire, marine, inland marine, hail, windstorm, cyclone, tornado,<br>explosion, water damage, and all other forms of insurance on property, and the loss<br>of use and occupancy thereof, and to casualty insurance, including fidelity, surety,<br>and guaranty bonds, and all other forms of motor vehicle insurance, as defined and<br>set forth in subsections 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 of section 26.1-12-11 and in<br>subsections 1, 2, 5, 6, and 7 of section 26.1-05-02, except as hereinafter excluded.<br>Inland marine insurance is deemed to include insurance now or hereafter defined by<br>statute, or by interpretation thereof, or if not so defined or interpreted, by ruling of the<br>commissioner or as established by general custom of the business, as inland marine<br>insurance. This chapter does not apply to:a.Reinsurance other than joint reinsurance to the extent stated in section<br>26.1-25-10.5.b.Accident and health insurance.c.Insurance of vessels or craft, their cargoes, marine builders' risks, marine<br>protection and indemnity, or other risks commonly insured under marine, as<br>distinguished from inland marine, insurance policies.d.Insurance against loss or damage to aircraft or against liability, other than<br>workforce safety and insurance and employers' liability, arising out of<br>ownership, maintenance, or use of aircraft.2.This chapter applies to every insurer, including every stock or mutual company,<br>reciprocal or interinsurance exchange, authorized by any provision of the laws of this<br>state to transact any of the kinds of insurance. However, except with respect to<br>policies issued pursuant to section 26.1-13-15 in any incorporated city with a<br>population over ten thousand, this chapter does not apply to county mutual<br>insurance companies organized under chapter 26.1-13.3.If any kind of insurance, subdivision, or combination thereof, or type of coverage,<br>subject to this chapter, is also subject to regulation by another rate regulatory act of<br>this state, an insurer to which both acts are otherwise applicable shall file with the<br>commissioner a designation as to which rate regulatory act is applicable to it with<br>respect to the kind of insurance, subdivision, or combination thereof, or type of<br>coverage.26.1-25-02.1. Definitions.1."Advisory organization" means any entity, including its affiliates or subsidiaries,<br>which either has two or more member insurers or is controlled either directly or<br>indirectly by two or more insurers, and which assists insurers in ratemaking-related<br>activities as enumerated in this chapter. Two or more insurers having a commonPage No. 1ownership or operating in this state under common management or control<br>constitute a single insurer for purposes of this definition.2."Commercial risk" means any kind of risk which is not a personal risk.3."Competitive market" means a commercial risk market that has not been found to be<br>noncompetitive as provided for in section 26.1-25-04. All commercial risk markets<br>except crop hail, farmowners, and medical malpractice insurance are presumed to<br>be competitive.4."Developed losses" means losses including loss adjustment expenses, adjusted,<br>using standard actuarial techniques, to eliminate the effect of differences between<br>current payment or reserve estimates and those needed to provide actual ultimate<br>loss including loss adjustment expense payments.5."Expenses" means that portion of a rate attributable to acquisition, field supervision,<br>collection expenses, general expenses, taxes, licenses, and fees.6."Joint underwriting" means a voluntary arrangement established to provide<br>insurance coverage for a commercial risk pursuant to which two or more insurers<br>jointly contract with the insured at a price and under policy terms agreed upon<br>between the insurers.7."Loss trending" means any procedure for projecting developed losses to the average<br>date of loss for the period during which the policies are to be effective.8."Noncompetitive market" means the crop hail, farmowners, and medical malpractice<br>insurance markets together with any other line of commercial risk insurance that has<br>not been found by the commissioner to have a reasonable degree of<br>competitiveness within the market considering:a.Market concentration and changes in market concentration determined through<br>the use of the Herfindahl-Hirschman index and the United States department of<br>justice merger guidelines for an unconcentrated market;b.The existence of financial and other barriers that prevent a company from<br>entering the market;c.The number of insurers or groups of affiliated insurers providing coverage in the<br>market;d.The extent to which any insurer or group of affiliated insurers controls the<br>market;e.Whether the total number of companies writing the line of insurance in this<br>state is sufficient to provide multiple insurance options in the market;f.The availability of insurance coverage to consumers in the markets by specific<br>geographic area, by line of insurance, and by class of risk; andg.The opportunities available in the market to acquire pricing and other consumer<br>information.A determination that a market is noncompetitive may not be based solely on the<br>consideration of any one factor.9."Personalrisk"meanshomeowners,tenants,privatepassengernonfleetautomobiles, mobile homes, and other property and casualty insurance for personal,<br>family, or household needs.Page No. 210."Pool" means a voluntary arrangement, established on an ongoing basis, pursuant<br>to which two or more insurers participate in the sharing of risks on a predetermined<br>basis. The pool may operate through an association, syndicate, or other pooling<br>agreement.11."Prospective loss costs" means that portion of a rate that does not include provisions<br>for expenses other than loss adjustment expenses, or profit, and are based on<br>historical aggregate losses and loss adjustment expenses adjusted through<br>development to their ultimate value and projected through trending to a future point<br>in time.12."Rate" means that cost of insurance per exposure unit whether expressed as a<br>single member or as a prospective loss cost with an adjustment to account for the<br>treatment of expenses, profit, and individual insurer variation in loss experience,<br>prior to any application of individual risk variations based on loss or expense<br>considerations, and does not include minimum premium.13."Residual market mechanism" means an arrangement, either voluntary or mandated<br>by law, involving participation by insurers in the equitable apportionment among<br>them of insurance which may be afforded applicants who are unable to obtain<br>insurance through ordinary methods.14."Supplementary rating information" includes any manual or plan of rates,<br>classification,ratingschedule,minimumpremium,policyfee,rating rule,underwriting rule, statistical plan, and any other similar information needed to<br>determine the applicable rate in effect or to be in effect.15."Supporting information" means:a.The experience and judgment of the filer and the experience or date of other<br>insurers or advisory organizations relied upon by the filer;b.The interpretation of any other data relied upon by the filer; andc.Descriptions of methods used in making the rates and any other information<br>required by the commissioner to be filed.26.1-25-03. Making of rates.1.Rates must be made in accordance with the following provisions:a.Due consideration must be given to past and prospective loss experience within<br>this state and outside this state to the extent that the consideration is given to<br>areas the commissioner determines are representative of this state, to any<br>conflagration and catastrophe hazards, to a reasonable margin for profit and<br>contingencies, to dividends, savings, or unabsorbed premium deposits allowed<br>or returned by insurers to their policyholders, members, or subscribers, to past<br>andprospectiveexpensesbothcountrywide,asdeterminedbythecommissioner, and those specially applicable to this state, and to all other<br>relevant factors within and outside this state. In the case of fire insurance rates,<br>consideration must be given to the experience of the fire insurance business<br>during a period of not less than the most recent five-year period for which the<br>experience is available.In determining the reasonableness of the profit,consideration may be given to investment income.b.The systems of expense provisions included in the rates for use by any insurer<br>or group of insurers may differ from those of other insurers or group of insurers<br>to reflect the requirements of the operating methods of any such insurer or<br>group with respect to any kind of insurance, or with respect to any subdivisionPage No. 3or combination thereof for which subdivision or combination separate expense<br>provisions are applicable.c.Risks may be grouped by classifications for the establishment of rates and<br>minimum premiums. Classification rates may be modified to produce rates for<br>individual risks in accordance with rating plans which establish standards for<br>measuring variations in hazards or expense provisions, or both. The standards<br>may measure any differences among risks that can be demonstrated to have a<br>probable effect upon losses or expense. No risk classification, however, may<br>be based upon race, creed, national origin, or the religion of the insured.d.Rates may not be excessive, inadequate, or unfairly discriminatory.2.Except to the extent necessary to meet subdivision d of subsection 1, uniformity<br>among insurers in any matters within the scope of this section is neither required nor<br>prohibited.3.Rates made in accordance with this section may be used subject to this chapter.26.1-25-04. Rate filings.1.Every insurer shall file with the commissioner, except as to inland marine risks which<br>by general custom of the business are not written according to manual rates or<br>rating plans, every manual, minimum class rate, rating schedule or rating plan, and<br>every other rating rule, and every modification of any of the foregoing which it<br>proposes to use. Every filing must state the proposed effective date thereof and<br>must indicate the character and extent of the coverage contemplated. When a filing<br>is not accompanied by the information upon which the insurer supports the filing,<br>and the commissioner does not have sufficient information to determine whether the<br>filing meets the requirements of this chapter, the commissioner shall require the<br>insurer to furnish the information upon which it supports the filing and the waiting<br>period commences as of the date the information is furnished. Every insurer shall<br>file or incorporate by reference to material which has been approved by the<br>commissioner, at the same time as the filing of the rate, all supplementary rating and<br>supporting information to be used in support of or in conjunction with a rate. The<br>information furnished in support of a filing may include:a.The experience or judgment of the insurer or advisory organization making the<br>filing.b.Its interpretation of any statistical data upon which it relies.c.The experience of other insurers or advisory organizations.d.Any other relevant factors.A filing and any supporting information is open to public inspection after the filing<br>becomes effective. Specific inland marine rates on risks specially rated, made by an<br>advisory organization, must be filed with the commissioner.2.After reviewing an insurer's filing, the commissioner may require that the insurer's<br>rates be based upon the insurer's own loss and expense information. If the insurer's<br>loss or allocated loss adjustment expense information is not actuarially credible, as<br>determined by the commissioner, the insurer may use or supplement its experience<br>with information filed with the commissioner by an advisory organization. Insurers<br>utilizing the services of an advisory organization must provide with their rate filing, at<br>the request of the commissioner, a description of the rationale for such use,<br>including its own information and method of utilization of the advisory organization'sPage No. 4information. This chapter does not require any insurer to become a member of or a<br>subscriber to any advisory organization.3.The commissioner shall review filings as soon as reasonably possible after they<br>have been made in order to determine whether they meet the requirements of this<br>chapter.4.Subject to the exceptions specified in subsections 5 and 6, each filing must be on file<br>for a waiting period of sixty days before it becomes effective. The period may be<br>extended by the commissioner for an additional period not to exceed fifteen days if<br>the commissioner gives written notice within the waiting period to the insurer or<br>advisory organization which made the filing that the commissioner needs the<br>additional time for the consideration of the filing. Upon written application by the<br>insurer or advisory organization, the commissioner may authorize a filing which the<br>commissioner has reviewed to become effective before the expiration of the waiting<br>period or any extension thereof. A filing is deemed to meet the requirements of this<br>chapter unless disapproved by the commissioner within the waiting period or any<br>extension thereof.5.A filing with respect to a competitive market commercial risk rate filing, a private<br>passenger automobile rate filing in which the average rate change is less than five<br>percent, or a homeowner rate filing in which the average rate change is less than<br>five percent is deemed to meet the requirements of this chapter until such time as<br>the commissioner reviews the filing and so long thereafter as the filing remains in<br>effect.Specific inland marine rates on risks specially rated by an advisoryorganization become effective when filed and are deemed to meet the requirements<br>of this chapter until such time as the commissioner reviews the filing and so long<br>thereafter as the filing remains in effect.6.An insurer must file notice of a rate change for either a competitive market<br>commercial risk product, a private passenger automobile rate filing in which the<br>average rate change is less than five percent, or a homeowner rate filing in which<br>the average rate change is less than five percent with the commissioner within thirty<br>days after implementing the rate change. The exemption provided in subsection 5<br>for a private passenger automobile or homeowner rate change filing is limited to no<br>more than one filing per calendar year.7.The commissioner after notice and hearing may determine by order that a<br>commercial risk market is noncompetitive.A rate filing for a product in anoncompetitive commercial risk market is subject to the provisions of this chapter.<br>The commissioner's order finding that a commercial risk market is noncompetitive<br>expires after two years.8.Under any rules the commissioner may adopt, the commissioner may, by written<br>order, suspend or modify the requirement of filing as to any kind of insurance,<br>subdivision, or combination thereof, or as to classes of risks, the rates for which<br>cannot practicably be filed before they are used. The orders and rules must be<br>made known to insurers and advisory organizations affected thereby.Thecommissioner may make any examination the commissioner deems advisable to<br>ascertain whether any rates affected by the order meet the standards set forth in<br>subdivision e of subsection 1 of section 26.1-25-03.9.Upon the written application of the insured, stating the insured's reasons therefor,<br>filed with and approved by the commissioner, a rate in excess of that provided by a<br>filing otherwise applicable may be used on any specific risk.10.No insurer may make or issue a contract or policy except in accordance with the<br>filings that have been approved and are in effect for the insurer as provided in this<br>chapter or in accordance with subsection 8 or 9.Page No. 511.Nothing in this chapter may be construed to require an advisory organization or its<br>members or its subscribers to immediately refile final rates or premium charges<br>previously approved by the commissioner. Members or subscribers of an advisory<br>organization are authorized to continue to use insurance rates or premium charges<br>approved before July 1, 1991, or decreases from those rates or premium charges<br>filed by the advisory organization and subsequently approved after July 1, 1991.26.1-25-04.1. Motor vehicle insurance rate filings - Premium reduction for accidentprevention course completion. All rate filings with the commissioner for motor vehicle liability<br>and physical damage insurance must provide for an appropriate reduction in premium charges<br>for the principal operators of motor vehicles for at least a two-year period following their<br>successful completion of a motor vehicle accident prevention course. The reduction in premium<br>charges must be separately disclosed.The premium billing must disclose the reduction inpremium charges with respect to the person eligible for the reduction. The reduction in premium<br>charges does not apply to an operator who is subject to an experience rating or a driver<br>education premium reduction.If a policy insures two or more motor vehicles, the premiumreduction applies only to the motor vehicle principally operated by the person who has<br>satisfactorily completed the motor vehicle accident prevention course.The course must beapproved by the superintendent of the state highway patrol. The course sponsor shall provide<br>each successful participant a certificate that is the basis for the insurance discount. A driver<br>fifty-five years of age or older who successfully completes an approved motor vehicle accident<br>prevention course is entitled to a three-year insurance premium reduction. The reduction may be<br>applied only to a private passenger motor vehicle or a pickup truck or van that has a gross<br>vehicle weight of less than ten thousand pounds [4535.92 kilograms] and which is not used for<br>delivering or transporting goods or materials unless the delivery and transport is incidental to an<br>operator's business.26.1-25-04.2. Motor vehicle accident surcharge. Concerning motor vehicle accidentsoccurring after August 1, 1993:1.An insurer may not assess an accident surcharge on the policy of any insured as a<br>result of a comprehensive coverage claim or when the insured's unattended vehicle<br>was legally parked when the damage occurred.2.An insurer may not assess an accident surcharge on the policy of any insured when<br>a claim has been paid pursuant to section 26.1-40-17.1 unless the insurer is not<br>entitled to recover damages from the party at fault.26.1-25-04.3. Disclosure of accident surcharge and loss of discount. Before, or atthe time of issuance of a policy, an insurer insuring a motor vehicle must notify the insured in<br>writing of the insurer's underwriting and rating procedures applicable to accident surcharges and<br>loss of discounts.26.1-25-04.4. Notice of withdrawal. An insurer must provide the commissioner noticein writing of its plan to cease writing and renewing a property and casualty insurance product<br>before the notification of agents and policyholders. The notice must contain the effective date of<br>the plan, the number of policies affected, and the reason therefor.26.1-25-05. Disapproval of filings.1.If within the waiting period or any extension thereof as provided in subsection 4 of<br>section 26.1-25-04 the commissioner finds that a filing does not meet the<br>requirements of this chapter, the commissioner shall send to the insurer or advisory<br>organization which made the filing written notice of disapproval of the filing<br>specifying therein in what respects the commissioner finds the filing fails to meet the<br>requirements of this chapter and stating that the filing will not become effective.2.If within thirty days after a filing subject to subsection 5 of section 26.1-25-04 has<br>become effective the commissioner finds that the filing does not meet thePage No. 6requirements of this chapter, the commissioner shall send to the insurer or advisory<br>organization that made the filing written notice of disapproval of the filing specifying<br>therein in what respects the commissioner finds that the filing fails to meet the<br>requirements of this chapter and stating when, within a reasonable period thereafter,<br>the filing will be deemed no longer effective. The disapproval may not affect any<br>contract made or issued prior to the expiration of the period set forth in the notice.3.If at any time subsequent to the applicable review period provided for in subsection 1<br>or 2 the commissioner finds that a filing does not meet the requirements of this<br>chapter, the commissioner shall, after a hearing held upon not less than ten days'<br>written notice, specifying the matters to be considered at the hearing, to every<br>insurer and advisory organization which made the filing, issue an order specifying in<br>what respects the commissioner finds that the filing fails to meet the requirements of<br>this chapter, and stating when, within a reasonable period thereafter, the filing will be<br>deemed no longer effective. Copies of the order must be sent to every such insurer<br>and advisory organization. The order may not affect any contract or policy made or<br>issued prior to the expiration of the period set forth in the order.4.Any person or organization aggrieved with respect to any filing which is in effect may<br>make written application to the commissioner for a hearing thereon. However, the<br>insurer or advisory organization that made the filing may not proceed under this<br>subsection.The application must specify the grounds to be relied upon by theapplicant. If the commissioner finds that the application is made in good faith, that<br>the applicant would be so aggrieved if the grounds are established, and that the<br>grounds otherwise justify holding such a hearing, the commissioner shall, within<br>thirty days after receipt of the application, hold a hearing upon not less than ten<br>days' written notice to the applicant and to every insurer and advisory organization<br>which made the filing. If, after the hearing, the commissioner finds that the filing<br>does not meet the requirements of this chapter, the commissioner shall issue an<br>order specifying in what respects the filing fails to meet the requirements of this<br>chapter, and stating when, within a reasonable period thereafter, the filing will be<br>deemed no longer effective. Copies of the order must be sent to the applicant and<br>to every such insurer and advisory organization.The order may not affect anycontract or policy made or issued prior to the expiration of the period set forth in the<br>order.5.A manual, minimum class rate, rating schedule, rating plan, or rating rule, or any<br>modification of any of the foregoing, which has been filed pursuant to the<br>requirements of section 26.1-25-04, may not be disapproved if the rates thereby<br>produced meet the requirements of this chapter.26.1-25-06. Rating organizations. Repealed by S.L. 1991, ch. 302, <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://statutes.laws.com/test/","url":"https://statutes.laws.com/test/","name":"State Codes and Statutes - Statutes","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://statutes.laws.com/#website"},"datePublished":"2015-03-10T03:31:37+00:00","dateModified":"2019-12-27T23:25:16+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://statutes.laws.com/test/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://statutes.laws.com/test/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://statutes.laws.com/test/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://statutes.laws.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"State Codes and Statutes"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://statutes.laws.com/#website","url":"https://statutes.laws.com/","name":"Statutes","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://statutes.laws.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}</script>
<!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Statutes » Feed" href="https://statutes.laws.com/feed/" />
<script type="text/javascript">
/* <![CDATA[ */
window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/statutes.laws.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7"}};
/*! This file is auto-generated */
!function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff","\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200b\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings);
/* ]]]]><![CDATA[> */
</script>
<style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
img.wp-smiley, img.emoji {
display: inline !important;
border: none !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
height: 1em !important;
width: 1em !important;
margin: 0 0.07em !important;
vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
background: none !important;
padding: 0 !important;
}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
/*! This file is auto-generated */
.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}
</style>
<style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
.wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;}
:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}
:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}
.wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='contact-form-7-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/css/styles.css?ver=5.9.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='redux-extendify-styles-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/redux-framework/redux-core/assets/css/extendify-utilities.css?ver=4.4.15' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='google-fonts-2-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Titillium+Web&subset=latin&ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='reset-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/reset.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=4.7.0' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='main-stylesheet-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/main-stylesheet.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='shortcode-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/shortcode.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='lightbox-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/lightbox.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='dat-menu-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/dat-menu.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='responsive-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/responsive.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<!--[if lt IE 8]>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='ie-only-styles-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/ie-ancient.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<![endif]-->
<link rel='stylesheet' id='dynamic-css-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=ot_dynamic_css&ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='style-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/style.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-icons-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/eicons/css/elementor-icons.min.css?ver=5.23.0' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-frontend-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/frontend-lite.min.css?ver=3.17.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='swiper-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/swiper/css/swiper.min.css?ver=5.3.6' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-post-248-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/elementor/css/post-248.css?ver=1699721364' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-pro-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/css/frontend-lite.min.css?ver=3.16.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-global-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/elementor/css/global.css?ver=1699721365' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='toc-screen-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/table-of-contents-plus/screen.min.css?ver=2309' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='google-fonts-1-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C200%2C200italic%2C300%2C300italic%2C400%2C400italic%2C500%2C500italic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C800%2C800italic%2C900%2C900italic%7CRoboto+Slab%3A100%2C100italic%2C200%2C200italic%2C300%2C300italic%2C400%2C400italic%2C500%2C500italic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C800%2C800italic%2C900%2C900italic&display=auto&ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" crossorigin><script type="text/javascript" id="jquery-core-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var ot = {"THEME_NAME":"legatus","adminUrl":"https:\/\/statutes.laws.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","gallery_id":"","galleryCat":"","imageUrl":"https:\/\/statutes.laws.com\/wp-content\/themes\/legatus\/images\/","cssUrl":"https:\/\/statutes.laws.com\/wp-content\/themes\/legatus\/css\/","themeUrl":"https:\/\/statutes.laws.com\/wp-content\/themes\/legatus"};
/* ]]]]><![CDATA[> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script>
<script></script><link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/19" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://statutes.laws.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
<link rel='shortlink' href='https://statutes.laws.com/?p=19' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstatutes.laws.com%2Ftest%2F" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstatutes.laws.com%2Ftest%2F&format=xml" />
<meta name="generator" content="Redux 4.4.15" /><script type="text/javascript">
(function(url){
if(/(?:Chrome\/26\.0\.1410\.63 Safari\/537\.31|WordfenceTestMonBot)/.test(navigator.userAgent)){ return; }
var addEvent = function(evt, handler) {
if (window.addEventListener) {
document.addEventListener(evt, handler, false);
} else if (window.attachEvent) {
document.attachEvent('on' + evt, handler);
}
};
var removeEvent = function(evt, handler) {
if (window.removeEventListener) {
document.removeEventListener(evt, handler, false);
} else if (window.detachEvent) {
document.detachEvent('on' + evt, handler);
}
};
var evts = 'contextmenu dblclick drag dragend dragenter dragleave dragover dragstart drop keydown keypress keyup mousedown mousemove mouseout mouseover mouseup mousewheel scroll'.split(' ');
var logHuman = function() {
if (window.wfLogHumanRan) { return; }
window.wfLogHumanRan = true;
var wfscr = document.createElement('script');
wfscr.type = 'text/javascript';
wfscr.async = true;
wfscr.src = url + '&r=' + Math.random();
(document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(wfscr);
for (var i = 0; i < evts.length; i++) {
removeEvent(evts[i], logHuman);
}
};
for (var i = 0; i < evts.length; i++) {
addEvent(evts[i], logHuman);
}
})('//statutes.laws.com/?wordfence_lh=1&hid=02D61031A6A7E04574B78FAA71BFD083');
</script><meta name="generator" content="Elementor 3.17.3; features: e_dom_optimization, e_optimized_assets_loading, e_optimized_css_loading, additional_custom_breakpoints; settings: css_print_method-external, google_font-enabled, font_display-auto">
<meta name="generator" content="Powered by WPBakery Page Builder - drag and drop page builder for WordPress."/>
<meta name="generator" content="Powered by Slider Revolution 6.6.11 - responsive, Mobile-Friendly Slider Plugin for WordPress with comfortable drag and drop interface." />
<!-- Clicky Web Analytics - https://clicky.com, WordPress Plugin by Yoast - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/clicky/ --><script type='text/javascript'>
function clicky_gc(name) {
var ca = document.cookie.split(';');
for (var i in ca) {
if (ca[i].indexOf(name + '=') != -1) {
return decodeURIComponent(ca[i].split('=')[1]);
}
}
return '';
}
var username_check = clicky_gc('"comment_author_d2f3dac10cedf763d31d1d5e708a3685"');
if (username_check) var clicky_custom_session = {username: username_check};
</script>
<script>
var clicky_site_ids = clicky_site_ids || [];
clicky_site_ids.push("100851447");
</script>
<script async src="//static.getclicky.com/js"></script><script>function setREVStartSize(e){
//window.requestAnimationFrame(function() {
window.RSIW = window.RSIW===undefined ? window.innerWidth : window.RSIW;
window.RSIH = window.RSIH===undefined ? window.innerHeight : window.RSIH;
try {
var pw = document.getElementById(e.c).parentNode.offsetWidth,
newh;
pw = pw===0 || isNaN(pw) || (e.l=="fullwidth" || e.layout=="fullwidth") ? window.RSIW : pw;
e.tabw = e.tabw===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.tabw);
e.thumbw = e.thumbw===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.thumbw);
e.tabh = e.tabh===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.tabh);
e.thumbh = e.thumbh===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.thumbh);
e.tabhide = e.tabhide===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.tabhide);
e.thumbhide = e.thumbhide===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.thumbhide);
e.mh = e.mh===undefined || e.mh=="" || e.mh==="auto" ? 0 : parseInt(e.mh,0);
if(e.layout==="fullscreen" || e.l==="fullscreen")
newh = Math.max(e.mh,window.RSIH);
else{
e.gw = Array.isArray(e.gw) ? e.gw : [e.gw];
for (var i in e.rl) if (e.gw[i]===undefined || e.gw[i]===0) e.gw[i] = e.gw[i-1];
e.gh = e.el===undefined || e.el==="" || (Array.isArray(e.el) && e.el.length==0)? e.gh : e.el;
e.gh = Array.isArray(e.gh) ? e.gh : [e.gh];
for (var i in e.rl) if (e.gh[i]===undefined || e.gh[i]===0) e.gh[i] = e.gh[i-1];
var nl = new Array(e.rl.length),
ix = 0,
sl;
e.tabw = e.tabhide>=pw ? 0 : e.tabw;
e.thumbw = e.thumbhide>=pw ? 0 : e.thumbw;
e.tabh = e.tabhide>=pw ? 0 : e.tabh;
e.thumbh = e.thumbhide>=pw ? 0 : e.thumbh;
for (var i in e.rl) nl[i] = e.rl[i]<window.RSIW ? 0 : e.rl[i];
sl = nl[0];
for (var i in nl) if (sl>nl[i] && nl[i]>0) { sl = nl[i]; ix=i;}
var m = pw>(e.gw[ix]+e.tabw+e.thumbw) ? 1 : (pw-(e.tabw+e.thumbw)) / (e.gw[ix]);
newh = (e.gh[ix] * m) + (e.tabh + e.thumbh);
}
var el = document.getElementById(e.c);
if (el!==null && el) el.style.height = newh+"px";
el = document.getElementById(e.c+"_wrapper");
if (el!==null && el) {
el.style.height = newh+"px";
el.style.display = "block";
}
} catch(e){
console.log("Failure at Presize of Slider:" + e)
}
//});
};</script>
<noscript><style> .wpb_animate_when_almost_visible { opacity: 1; }</style></noscript> <style>
body {
background: none !important;
}
</style>
<!-- END head -->
</head>
<!-- BEGIN body -->
<body class="page-template-default page page-id-19 wpb-js-composer js-comp-ver-7.5 vc_responsive elementor-default elementor-kit-248 elementor-page elementor-page-19">
<!-- BEGIN .boxed -->
<div class="boxed">
<!-- BEGIN .header -->
<div class="header">
<!-- BEGIN .header-very-top -->
<div class="header-very-top">
<!-- BEGIN .wrapper -->
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="left">
<ul class="ot-menu very-top-menu load-responsive" rel="Top Menu"><li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com" class="icon-text"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a></li><li id="menu-item-154" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-1 single"><a href="https://www.laws.com/">Laws</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-155" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-2 single"><a href="https://lawyer.laws.com/">Lawyers</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-156" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-3 single"><a href="https://find.laws.com/">Find Laws</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-157" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-4 single"><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/">Legal Forms</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-158" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-5 single"><a href="https://state-laws.laws.com/">State Laws</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="clear-float"></div>
</div>
<div class="double-split"></div>
<!-- END .header-very-top -->
</div>
<!-- BEGIN .header-middle -->
<div class="header-middle">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="banner">
<div class="banner-block">
</div>
</div>
<div class="clear-float"></div>
</div>
<!-- END .header-middle -->
</div>
<!-- BEGIN .header-menu -->
<div class="header-menu thisisfixed">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="logo-image">
<!--<h1></h1>-->
<a href="https://statutes.laws.com"><img class="logo" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/images/logo.png" alt="Statutes" /></a>
</div>
<ul class="menu main-menu" ><li id="menu-item-148" class="normal-drop no-description menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-1" style="background:#264C84; color:#264C84; "><a href="https://www.laws.com/">Laws</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-149" class="normal-drop no-description menu_red menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-2"><a href="https://lawyer.laws.com/">Lawyers</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-150" class="normal-drop no-description menu_green menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-3"><a href="https://find.laws.com/">Find Laws</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-152" class="normal-drop no-description menu_boldred menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-4"><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/">Legal Forms</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-151" class="normal-drop no-description menu_blue menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-5"><a href="https://state-laws.laws.com/">State Laws</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="clear-float"></div>
</div>
<!-- END .header-menu -->
</div>
<!-- BEGIN .header-undermenu -->
<div class="header-undermenu">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="clear-float"></div>
</div>
<!-- END .header-undermenu -->
</div>
<!-- Begin add search bar -->
<br />
<div class="wrapper">
<!-- add search bar - Peter - May 2015 -->
<style>
.input-txt-bigger{background:url(https://laws.com/uploads/input-txt-bigger.jpg) no-repeat;width:100%;height:30px;color:#5a8bb7;padding:0px 10px;padding:6px 10px\9;float:left;border:0px;font-size:16px}
.input-btn{background:url(https://laws.com/uploads/input-btn-blue.png) no-repeat;width:100%;height:30px;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;margin-left:10px;text-align:center;float:left;border:0px;cursor:pointer}
</style>
<form action="https://laws.com/searchresults" method="get">
<input type="text" id="qucik-key" name="sname" value="Search Laws" onfocus="if(this.value=='Search Laws' || this.value=='') this.value='';" onblur="if(this.value=='') this.value='Search Laws';" class="input-txt-bigger" style="background:none;border:2px solid #1661B2;width:75%;height:55px;font-size:30px;font-weight:bold" /> <input type="submit" class="input-btn" value="SEARCH" style="width:167px;height:55px;font-size:20px;background:url(https://laws.com/uploads/input-btn-blue-big.png) no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent" />
</form>
<!-- End add search bar - Peter - May 2015 -->
</div>
<div style="height: 70px;"></div>
<!-- Begin add search bar -->
<!-- END .header -->
</div>
<!-- BEGIN .content -->
<div class="content">
<!-- BEGIN .wrapper -->
<div class="wrapper">
<!-- BEGIN .main-content-left -->
<div class="main-content-left">
<div class="social-icons-float">
<span class="soc-header">Share</span>
<span class="social-icon">
<span class="social-count"><span class="count">0</span><span class="social-arrow"> </span></span>
<a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://statutes.laws.com/test/" data-url="https://statutes.laws.com/test/" class="social-button ot-share" style="background:#495fbd;"><i class="fa fa-facebook"></i><font>Share</font></a>
</span>
<span class="social-icon">
<span class="social-count"><span class="count">0</span><span class="social-arrow"> </span></span>
<a href="#" data-hashtags="" data-url="https://statutes.laws.com/test/" data-via="" data-text="State Codes and Statutes" class="social-button ot-tweet" style="background:#43bedd;"><i class="fa fa-twitter"></i><font>Tweet</font></a>
</span>
<span class="social-icon">
<span class="social-count">0<span class="social-arrow"> </span></span>
<a href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https://statutes.laws.com/test/" class="social-button ot-pluss" style="background:#df6149;"><i class="fa fa-google-plus"></i><font>+1</font></a>
</span>
<span class="social-icon">
<span class="social-count"><span class="count">0</span><span class="social-arrow"> </span></span>
<a href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://statutes.laws.com/test/&title=State Codes and Statutes" class="social-button ot-link" style="background:#264c84;" data-url="https://statutes.laws.com/test/"><i class="fa fa-linkedin"></i><font>Share</font></a>
</span>
</div>
<!-- 27.04.15 - BEGIN box search -->
<!-- Adding the ads for legal-forms - Peter - 27-4-2015 -->
<!-- End Adding the ads for legal-forms - Peter - 27-4-2015 -->
<!-- 27.04.15 - END box search -->
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="content-article-title">
<h2>State Codes and Statutes</h2>
<div class="right-title-side">
<br/>
<a href="https://statutes.laws.com"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>Back To Homepage</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="main-article-content">
<!-- BEGIN .shortcode-content -->
<div class="shortcode-content">
<h2>State Codes and Statutes</h2>
<a href='https://statutes.laws.com/'>Statutes</a> > <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota'>North-dakota</a> > <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota/t261'>T261</a> > <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota/t261/t261c25'>T261c25</a><br><br><a href="https://law.justia.com/codes/north-dakota/2009/t261/pdf/t261c25.pdf">Download pdf</a><br><div id="embed_document" style="width:625px; height:815px; text-align:center;">Loading PDF...</div><script type="text/javascript"> var pdf_url = 'https://law.justia.com/codes/north-dakota/2009/t261/pdf/t261c25.pdf'; $(document).ready(function() { var embedwindow = $("#embed_document"); if ($.browser.msie){ embedwindow.html('<embed src="'+pdf_url+'" width="100%" height="100%"></embed>'); } else { embedwindow.html('<iframe style="width:100%; height:100%;" src="https://docs.google.com/gview?url='+window.escape(pdf_url)+'&embedded=true" frameborder="0"></iframe>'); } });</script><br><br><noframes>CHAPTER 26.1-25FIRE, PROPERTY, AND CASUALTY INSURANCE RATES26.1-25-01. Purpose of chapter - Construction. The purpose of this chapter is topromote the public welfare by regulating insurance rates so that they are not excessive,<br>inadequate, or unfairly discriminatory, and to authorize and regulate limited cooperative action<br>among insurers in ratemaking-related activities and in other matters within the scope of this<br>chapter. Nothing in this chapter is intended to prohibit or discourage reasonable competition, or<br>to prohibit, or encourage except to the extent necessary to accomplish the aforementioned<br>purpose, uniformity in rating systems, rating plans, or practices. This chapter must be liberally<br>interpreted to carry into effect this section.26.1-25-02. Scope of chapter.1.This chapter applies to fire, marine, inland marine, hail, windstorm, cyclone, tornado,<br>explosion, water damage, and all other forms of insurance on property, and the loss<br>of use and occupancy thereof, and to casualty insurance, including fidelity, surety,<br>and guaranty bonds, and all other forms of motor vehicle insurance, as defined and<br>set forth in subsections 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 of section 26.1-12-11 and in<br>subsections 1, 2, 5, 6, and 7 of section 26.1-05-02, except as hereinafter excluded.<br>Inland marine insurance is deemed to include insurance now or hereafter defined by<br>statute, or by interpretation thereof, or if not so defined or interpreted, by ruling of the<br>commissioner or as established by general custom of the business, as inland marine<br>insurance. This chapter does not apply to:a.Reinsurance other than joint reinsurance to the extent stated in section<br>26.1-25-10.5.b.Accident and health insurance.c.Insurance of vessels or craft, their cargoes, marine builders' risks, marine<br>protection and indemnity, or other risks commonly insured under marine, as<br>distinguished from inland marine, insurance policies.d.Insurance against loss or damage to aircraft or against liability, other than<br>workforce safety and insurance and employers' liability, arising out of<br>ownership, maintenance, or use of aircraft.2.This chapter applies to every insurer, including every stock or mutual company,<br>reciprocal or interinsurance exchange, authorized by any provision of the laws of this<br>state to transact any of the kinds of insurance. However, except with respect to<br>policies issued pursuant to section 26.1-13-15 in any incorporated city with a<br>population over ten thousand, this chapter does not apply to county mutual<br>insurance companies organized under chapter 26.1-13.3.If any kind of insurance, subdivision, or combination thereof, or type of coverage,<br>subject to this chapter, is also subject to regulation by another rate regulatory act of<br>this state, an insurer to which both acts are otherwise applicable shall file with the<br>commissioner a designation as to which rate regulatory act is applicable to it with<br>respect to the kind of insurance, subdivision, or combination thereof, or type of<br>coverage.26.1-25-02.1. Definitions.1."Advisory organization" means any entity, including its affiliates or subsidiaries,<br>which either has two or more member insurers or is controlled either directly or<br>indirectly by two or more insurers, and which assists insurers in ratemaking-related<br>activities as enumerated in this chapter. Two or more insurers having a commonPage No. 1ownership or operating in this state under common management or control<br>constitute a single insurer for purposes of this definition.2."Commercial risk" means any kind of risk which is not a personal risk.3."Competitive market" means a commercial risk market that has not been found to be<br>noncompetitive as provided for in section 26.1-25-04. All commercial risk markets<br>except crop hail, farmowners, and medical malpractice insurance are presumed to<br>be competitive.4."Developed losses" means losses including loss adjustment expenses, adjusted,<br>using standard actuarial techniques, to eliminate the effect of differences between<br>current payment or reserve estimates and those needed to provide actual ultimate<br>loss including loss adjustment expense payments.5."Expenses" means that portion of a rate attributable to acquisition, field supervision,<br>collection expenses, general expenses, taxes, licenses, and fees.6."Joint underwriting" means a voluntary arrangement established to provide<br>insurance coverage for a commercial risk pursuant to which two or more insurers<br>jointly contract with the insured at a price and under policy terms agreed upon<br>between the insurers.7."Loss trending" means any procedure for projecting developed losses to the average<br>date of loss for the period during which the policies are to be effective.8."Noncompetitive market" means the crop hail, farmowners, and medical malpractice<br>insurance markets together with any other line of commercial risk insurance that has<br>not been found by the commissioner to have a reasonable degree of<br>competitiveness within the market considering:a.Market concentration and changes in market concentration determined through<br>the use of the Herfindahl-Hirschman index and the United States department of<br>justice merger guidelines for an unconcentrated market;b.The existence of financial and other barriers that prevent a company from<br>entering the market;c.The number of insurers or groups of affiliated insurers providing coverage in the<br>market;d.The extent to which any insurer or group of affiliated insurers controls the<br>market;e.Whether the total number of companies writing the line of insurance in this<br>state is sufficient to provide multiple insurance options in the market;f.The availability of insurance coverage to consumers in the markets by specific<br>geographic area, by line of insurance, and by class of risk; andg.The opportunities available in the market to acquire pricing and other consumer<br>information.A determination that a market is noncompetitive may not be based solely on the<br>consideration of any one factor.9."Personalrisk"meanshomeowners,tenants,privatepassengernonfleetautomobiles, mobile homes, and other property and casualty insurance for personal,<br>family, or household needs.Page No. 210."Pool" means a voluntary arrangement, established on an ongoing basis, pursuant<br>to which two or more insurers participate in the sharing of risks on a predetermined<br>basis. The pool may operate through an association, syndicate, or other pooling<br>agreement.11."Prospective loss costs" means that portion of a rate that does not include provisions<br>for expenses other than loss adjustment expenses, or profit, and are based on<br>historical aggregate losses and loss adjustment expenses adjusted through<br>development to their ultimate value and projected through trending to a future point<br>in time.12."Rate" means that cost of insurance per exposure unit whether expressed as a<br>single member or as a prospective loss cost with an adjustment to account for the<br>treatment of expenses, profit, and individual insurer variation in loss experience,<br>prior to any application of individual risk variations based on loss or expense<br>considerations, and does not include minimum premium.13."Residual market mechanism" means an arrangement, either voluntary or mandated<br>by law, involving participation by insurers in the equitable apportionment among<br>them of insurance which may be afforded applicants who are unable to obtain<br>insurance through ordinary methods.14."Supplementary rating information" includes any manual or plan of rates,<br>classification,ratingschedule,minimumpremium,policyfee,rating rule,underwriting rule, statistical plan, and any other similar information needed to<br>determine the applicable rate in effect or to be in effect.15."Supporting information" means:a.The experience and judgment of the filer and the experience or date of other<br>insurers or advisory organizations relied upon by the filer;b.The interpretation of any other data relied upon by the filer; andc.Descriptions of methods used in making the rates and any other information<br>required by the commissioner to be filed.26.1-25-03. Making of rates.1.Rates must be made in accordance with the following provisions:a.Due consideration must be given to past and prospective loss experience within<br>this state and outside this state to the extent that the consideration is given to<br>areas the commissioner determines are representative of this state, to any<br>conflagration and catastrophe hazards, to a reasonable margin for profit and<br>contingencies, to dividends, savings, or unabsorbed premium deposits allowed<br>or returned by insurers to their policyholders, members, or subscribers, to past<br>andprospectiveexpensesbothcountrywide,asdeterminedbythecommissioner, and those specially applicable to this state, and to all other<br>relevant factors within and outside this state. In the case of fire insurance rates,<br>consideration must be given to the experience of the fire insurance business<br>during a period of not less than the most recent five-year period for which the<br>experience is available.In determining the reasonableness of the profit,consideration may be given to investment income.b.The systems of expense provisions included in the rates for use by any insurer<br>or group of insurers may differ from those of other insurers or group of insurers<br>to reflect the requirements of the operating methods of any such insurer or<br>group with respect to any kind of insurance, or with respect to any subdivisionPage No. 3or combination thereof for which subdivision or combination separate expense<br>provisions are applicable.c.Risks may be grouped by classifications for the establishment of rates and<br>minimum premiums. Classification rates may be modified to produce rates for<br>individual risks in accordance with rating plans which establish standards for<br>measuring variations in hazards or expense provisions, or both. The standards<br>may measure any differences among risks that can be demonstrated to have a<br>probable effect upon losses or expense. No risk classification, however, may<br>be based upon race, creed, national origin, or the religion of the insured.d.Rates may not be excessive, inadequate, or unfairly discriminatory.2.Except to the extent necessary to meet subdivision d of subsection 1, uniformity<br>among insurers in any matters within the scope of this section is neither required nor<br>prohibited.3.Rates made in accordance with this section may be used subject to this chapter.26.1-25-04. Rate filings.1.Every insurer shall file with the commissioner, except as to inland marine risks which<br>by general custom of the business are not written according to manual rates or<br>rating plans, every manual, minimum class rate, rating schedule or rating plan, and<br>every other rating rule, and every modification of any of the foregoing which it<br>proposes to use. Every filing must state the proposed effective date thereof and<br>must indicate the character and extent of the coverage contemplated. When a filing<br>is not accompanied by the information upon which the insurer supports the filing,<br>and the commissioner does not have sufficient information to determine whether the<br>filing meets the requirements of this chapter, the commissioner shall require the<br>insurer to furnish the information upon which it supports the filing and the waiting<br>period commences as of the date the information is furnished. Every insurer shall<br>file or incorporate by reference to material which has been approved by the<br>commissioner, at the same time as the filing of the rate, all supplementary rating and<br>supporting information to be used in support of or in conjunction with a rate. The<br>information furnished in support of a filing may include:a.The experience or judgment of the insurer or advisory organization making the<br>filing.b.Its interpretation of any statistical data upon which it relies.c.The experience of other insurers or advisory organizations.d.Any other relevant factors.A filing and any supporting information is open to public inspection after the filing<br>becomes effective. Specific inland marine rates on risks specially rated, made by an<br>advisory organization, must be filed with the commissioner.2.After reviewing an insurer's filing, the commissioner may require that the insurer's<br>rates be based upon the insurer's own loss and expense information. If the insurer's<br>loss or allocated loss adjustment expense information is not actuarially credible, as<br>determined by the commissioner, the insurer may use or supplement its experience<br>with information filed with the commissioner by an advisory organization. Insurers<br>utilizing the services of an advisory organization must provide with their rate filing, at<br>the request of the commissioner, a description of the rationale for such use,<br>including its own information and method of utilization of the advisory organization'sPage No. 4information. This chapter does not require any insurer to become a member of or a<br>subscriber to any advisory organization.3.The commissioner shall review filings as soon as reasonably possible after they<br>have been made in order to determine whether they meet the requirements of this<br>chapter.4.Subject to the exceptions specified in subsections 5 and 6, each filing must be on file<br>for a waiting period of sixty days before it becomes effective. The period may be<br>extended by the commissioner for an additional period not to exceed fifteen days if<br>the commissioner gives written notice within the waiting period to the insurer or<br>advisory organization which made the filing that the commissioner needs the<br>additional time for the consideration of the filing. Upon written application by the<br>insurer or advisory organization, the commissioner may authorize a filing which the<br>commissioner has reviewed to become effective before the expiration of the waiting<br>period or any extension thereof. A filing is deemed to meet the requirements of this<br>chapter unless disapproved by the commissioner within the waiting period or any<br>extension thereof.5.A filing with respect to a competitive market commercial risk rate filing, a private<br>passenger automobile rate filing in which the average rate change is less than five<br>percent, or a homeowner rate filing in which the average rate change is less than<br>five percent is deemed to meet the requirements of this chapter until such time as<br>the commissioner reviews the filing and so long thereafter as the filing remains in<br>effect.Specific inland marine rates on risks specially rated by an advisoryorganization become effective when filed and are deemed to meet the requirements<br>of this chapter until such time as the commissioner reviews the filing and so long<br>thereafter as the filing remains in effect.6.An insurer must file notice of a rate change for either a competitive market<br>commercial risk product, a private passenger automobile rate filing in which the<br>average rate change is less than five percent, or a homeowner rate filing in which<br>the average rate change is less than five percent with the commissioner within thirty<br>days after implementing the rate change. The exemption provided in subsection 5<br>for a private passenger automobile or homeowner rate change filing is limited to no<br>more than one filing per calendar year.7.The commissioner after notice and hearing may determine by order that a<br>commercial risk market is noncompetitive.A rate filing for a product in anoncompetitive commercial risk market is subject to the provisions of this chapter.<br>The commissioner's order finding that a commercial risk market is noncompetitive<br>expires after two years.8.Under any rules the commissioner may adopt, the commissioner may, by written<br>order, suspend or modify the requirement of filing as to any kind of insurance,<br>subdivision, or combination thereof, or as to classes of risks, the rates for which<br>cannot practicably be filed before they are used. The orders and rules must be<br>made known to insurers and advisory organizations affected thereby.Thecommissioner may make any examination the commissioner deems advisable to<br>ascertain whether any rates affected by the order meet the standards set forth in<br>subdivision e of subsection 1 of section 26.1-25-03.9.Upon the written application of the insured, stating the insured's reasons therefor,<br>filed with and approved by the commissioner, a rate in excess of that provided by a<br>filing otherwise applicable may be used on any specific risk.10.No insurer may make or issue a contract or policy except in accordance with the<br>filings that have been approved and are in effect for the insurer as provided in this<br>chapter or in accordance with subsection 8 or 9.Page No. 511.Nothing in this chapter may be construed to require an advisory organization or its<br>members or its subscribers to immediately refile final rates or premium charges<br>previously approved by the commissioner. Members or subscribers of an advisory<br>organization are authorized to continue to use insurance rates or premium charges<br>approved before July 1, 1991, or decreases from those rates or premium charges<br>filed by the advisory organization and subsequently approved after July 1, 1991.26.1-25-04.1. Motor vehicle insurance rate filings - Premium reduction for accidentprevention course completion. All rate filings with the commissioner for motor vehicle liability<br>and physical damage insurance must provide for an appropriate reduction in premium charges<br>for the principal operators of motor vehicles for at least a two-year period following their<br>successful completion of a motor vehicle accident prevention course. The reduction in premium<br>charges must be separately disclosed.The premium billing must disclose the reduction inpremium charges with respect to the person eligible for the reduction. The reduction in premium<br>charges does not apply to an operator who is subject to an experience rating or a driver<br>education premium reduction.If a policy insures two or more motor vehicles, the premiumreduction applies only to the motor vehicle principally operated by the person who has<br>satisfactorily completed the motor vehicle accident prevention course.The course must beapproved by the superintendent of the state highway patrol. The course sponsor shall provide<br>each successful participant a certificate that is the basis for the insurance discount. A driver<br>fifty-five years of age or older who successfully completes an approved motor vehicle accident<br>prevention course is entitled to a three-year insurance premium reduction. The reduction may be<br>applied only to a private passenger motor vehicle or a pickup truck or van that has a gross<br>vehicle weight of less than ten thousand pounds [4535.92 kilograms] and which is not used for<br>delivering or transporting goods or materials unless the delivery and transport is incidental to an<br>operator's business.26.1-25-04.2. Motor vehicle accident surcharge. Concerning motor vehicle accidentsoccurring after August 1, 1993:1.An insurer may not assess an accident surcharge on the policy of any insured as a<br>result of a comprehensive coverage claim or when the insured's unattended vehicle<br>was legally parked when the damage occurred.2.An insurer may not assess an accident surcharge on the policy of any insured when<br>a claim has been paid pursuant to section 26.1-40-17.1 unless the insurer is not<br>entitled to recover damages from the party at fault.26.1-25-04.3. Disclosure of accident surcharge and loss of discount. Before, or atthe time of issuance of a policy, an insurer insuring a motor vehicle must notify the insured in<br>writing of the insurer's underwriting and rating procedures applicable to accident surcharges and<br>loss of discounts.26.1-25-04.4. Notice of withdrawal. An insurer must provide the commissioner noticein writing of its plan to cease writing and renewing a property and casualty insurance product<br>before the notification of agents and policyholders. The notice must contain the effective date of<br>the plan, the number of policies affected, and the reason therefor.26.1-25-05. Disapproval of filings.1.If within the waiting period or any extension thereof as provided in subsection 4 of<br>section 26.1-25-04 the commissioner finds that a filing does not meet the<br>requirements of this chapter, the commissioner shall send to the insurer or advisory<br>organization which made the filing written notice of disapproval of the filing<br>specifying therein in what respects the commissioner finds the filing fails to meet the<br>requirements of this chapter and stating that the filing will not become effective.2.If within thirty days after a filing subject to subsection 5 of section 26.1-25-04 has<br>become effective the commissioner finds that the filing does not meet thePage No. 6requirements of this chapter, the commissioner shall send to the insurer or advisory<br>organization that made the filing written notice of disapproval of the filing specifying<br>therein in what respects the commissioner finds that the filing fails to meet the<br>requirements of this chapter and stating when, within a reasonable period thereafter,<br>the filing will be deemed no longer effective. The disapproval may not affect any<br>contract made or issued prior to the expiration of the period set forth in the notice.3.If at any time subsequent to the applicable review period provided for in subsection 1<br>or 2 the commissioner finds that a filing does not meet the requirements of this<br>chapter, the commissioner shall, after a hearing held upon not less than ten days'<br>written notice, specifying the matters to be considered at the hearing, to every<br>insurer and advisory organization which made the filing, issue an order specifying in<br>what respects the commissioner finds that the filing fails to meet the requirements of<br>this chapter, and stating when, within a reasonable period thereafter, the filing will be<br>deemed no longer effective. Copies of the order must be sent to every such insurer<br>and advisory organization. The order may not affect any contract or policy made or<br>issued prior to the expiration of the period set forth in the order.4.Any person or organization aggrieved with respect to any filing which is in effect may<br>make written application to the commissioner for a hearing thereon. However, the<br>insurer or advisory organization that made the filing may not proceed under this<br>subsection.The application must specify the grounds to be relied upon by theapplicant. If the commissioner finds that the application is made in good faith, that<br>the applicant would be so aggrieved if the grounds are established, and that the<br>grounds otherwise justify holding such a hearing, the commissioner shall, within<br>thirty days after receipt of the application, hold a hearing upon not less than ten<br>days' written notice to the applicant and to every insurer and advisory organization<br>which made the filing. If, after the hearing, the commissioner finds that the filing<br>does not meet the requirements of this chapter, the commissioner shall issue an<br>order specifying in what respects the filing fails to meet the requirements of this<br>chapter, and stating when, within a reasonable period thereafter, the filing will be<br>deemed no longer effective. Copies of the order must be sent to the applicant and<br>to every such insurer and advisory organization.The order may not affect anycontract or policy made or issued prior to the expiration of the period set forth in the<br>order.5.A manual, minimum class rate, rating schedule, rating plan, or rating rule, or any<br>modification of any of the foregoing, which has been filed pursuant to the<br>requirements of section 26.1-25-04, may not be disapproved if the rates thereby<br>produced meet the requirements of this chapter.26.1-25-06. Rating organizations. Repealed by S.L. 1991, ch. 302, <!-- END .shortcode-content -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- END .main-content-left -->
</div>
<!-- BEGIN .main-content-right -->
<div class="main-content-right">
<!-- BEGIN .main-nosplit -->
<div class="main-nosplit">
<!--<div class="widget-0 first panel">
<h3>Advertising</h3>
<script type="text/javascript">
/*
var rkbspt = document.createElement('script');
rkbspt.type = 'text/javascript';
rkbspt.src = 'https://c.amazon-adsystem.com/aax2/getads.js';
var rkbscpt = document.querySelector('.widget-0.panel').appendChild(rkbspt);
rkbscpt.onload = function(){
aax_getad_mpb({
"slot_uuid":"557c365d-8984-4710-a63b-62d1baabc10e"
});
};
*/
</script>
<script id="mNCC" language="javascript">
medianet_width = "336";
medianet_height = "280";
medianet_crid = "436333511";
medianet_versionId = "3111299";
</script>
<script src="//contextual.media.net/nmedianet.js?cid=8CUC4DD64"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var e9 = new Object();
e9.size = "300x250";
e9.noAd = 1;
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="//tags.expo9.exponential.com/tags/Lawscom/BTF/tags.js"></script>
</div>-->
<div class="widget_text widget-1 first panel"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
e9 = new Object();
e9.size = "300x250,300x600";
e9.noAd = 1;
//--></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="//tags.expo9.exponential.com/tags/Lawscom/ROS/tags.js"></script></div></div><div class="widget-2 panel"><div class="menu-top-menu-container"><ul id="menu-top-menu-1" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-154" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-154 custom-class-1"><a href="https://www.laws.com/">Laws</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-155" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-155 custom-class-2"><a href="https://lawyer.laws.com/">Lawyers</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-156" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-156 custom-class-3"><a href="https://find.laws.com/">Find Laws</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-157" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-157 custom-class-4"><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/">Legal Forms</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-158" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-158 custom-class-5"><a href="https://state-laws.laws.com/">State Laws</a></li>
</ul></div></div><div class="widget_text widget-3 panel"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
e9 = new Object();
e9.size = "300x250,300x600";
e9.noAd = 1;
//--></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="//tags.expo9.exponential.com/tags/Lawscom/ROS/tags.js"></script></div></div><div class="widget_text widget-4 last panel"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
e9 = new Object();
e9.size = "300x250,300x600";
e9.noAd = 1;
//--></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="//tags.expo9.exponential.com/tags/Lawscom/ROS/tags.js"></script></div></div>
<!-- END .main-nosplit -->
</div>
<!-- END .main-content-right -->
</div>
<div class="clear-float"></div>
<!-- END .wrapper -->
</div>
<!-- BEGIN .content -->
</div>
<!-- BEGIN .footer -->
<div class="footer">
<!-- BEGIN .wrapper -->
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="banner-block">
<!-- <a href="http://www.orange-themes.com" target="_blank"><img src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/images/banner-468x60.jpg" alt="" title="" /></a>-->
</div>
<!-- Disable breaking news slider - Peter - 7 Apr 2015 -->
<!-- BEGIN .footer-content -->
<div class="footer-content">
<div class="footer-menu">
<ul class="load-responsive" rel="Footer Menu"><li id="menu-item-148" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-148 custom-class-1"><a href="https://www.laws.com/">Laws</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-149" class="menu_red menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-149 custom-class-2"><a href="https://lawyer.laws.com/">Lawyers</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-150" class="menu_green menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-150 custom-class-3"><a href="https://find.laws.com/">Find Laws</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-152" class="menu_boldred menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-152 custom-class-4"><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/">Legal Forms</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-151" class="menu_blue menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-151 custom-class-5"><a href="https://state-laws.laws.com/">State Laws</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="left">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/alabama-forms">Alabama Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/alaska-forms">Alaska Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/arizona-forms">Arizona Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/arkansas-forms">Arkansas Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/california-forms">California Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/colorado-forms">Colorado Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/connecticut-forms">Connecticut Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/district-of-columbia-forms">District Of Columbia Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/delaware-forms">Delaware Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/florida-forms">Florida Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/georgia-forms">Georgia Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/idaho-forms">Idaho Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/hawaii-forms">Hawaii Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/illinois-forms">Illinois Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/indiana-forms">Indiana Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/iowa-forms">Iowa Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/kansas-forms">Kansas Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/kentucky-forms">Kentucky Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/louisiana-forms">Louisiana Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/maine-forms">Maine Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/maryland-forms">Maryland Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/massachusetts-forms">Massachusetts Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/michigan-forms">Michigan Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/minnesota-forms">Minnesota Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/mississippi-forms">Mississippi Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/missouri-forms">Missouri Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/montana-forms">Montana Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/nebraska-forms">Nebraska Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/nevada-forms">Nevada Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/new-hampshire-forms">New Hampshire Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/new-jersey-forms">New Jersey Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/new-mexico-forms">New Mexico Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/new-york-forms">New York Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/north-carolina-forms">North Carolina Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/north-dakota-forms">North Dakota Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/ohio-forms">Ohio Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/oklahoma-forms">Oklahoma Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/oregon-forms">Oregon Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/pennsylvania-forms">Pennsylvania Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/rhode-island-forms">Rhode Island Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/south-carolina-forms">South Carolina Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/south-dakota-forms">South Dakota Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/tennessee-forms">Tennessee Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/texas-forms">Texas Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/utah-forms">Utah Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/vermont-forms">Vermont Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/virginia-forms">Virginia Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/washington-forms">Washington Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/west-virginia-forms">West Virginia Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/wisconsin-forms">Wisconsin Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/wyoming-forms">Wyoming Forms</a></li>
</ul>
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/alabama">Alabama Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/alaska">Alaska Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/arizona">Arizona Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/arkansas">Arkansas Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/california">California Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/connecticut">Connecticut Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/delaware">Delaware Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/district-of-columbia">District of Columbia Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/florida">Florida Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/georgia">Georgia Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/hawaii">Hawaii Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/idaho">Idaho Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/illinois">Illinois Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/indiana">Indiana Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/iowa">Iowa Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/kansas">Kansas Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/kentucky">Kentucky Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/louisiana">Louisiana Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/maine">Maine Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/maryland">Maryland Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/massachusetts">Massachusetts Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/michigan">Michigan Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/minnesota">Minnesota Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/mississippi">Mississippi Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/missouri">Missouri Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/montana">Montana Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/nebraska">Nebraska Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/nevada">Nevada Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/new-hampshire">New Hampshire Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/new-jersey">New Jersey Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/new-mexico">New Mexico Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/new-york">New York Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/north-carolina">North Carolina Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota">North Dakota Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/ohio">Ohio Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/oklahoma">Oklahoma Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/oregon">Oregon Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/pennsylvania">Pennsylvania Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/rhode-island">Rhode Island Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/south-carolina">South Carolina Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/south-dakota">South Dakota Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/tennessee">Tennessee Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/texas">Texas Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/utah">Utah Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/vermont">Vermont Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/washington">Washington Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/west-virginia">West Virginia Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/wisconsin">Wisconsin Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/wyoming">Wyoming Codes & Statutes</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div>
</center><br>
<div class="footer-menu">
<ul class="load-responsive" rel="Footer Menu"><li id="menu-item-34164" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34164"><a href="https://www.laws.com/category/about">Contact Us</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-34165" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34165"><a href="https://marketing.laws.com">Lawyer Marketing</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-34166" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34166"><a href="https://advertising.laws.com/">Advertise on Laws.com</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-34167" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34167"><a href="https://www.laws.com/category/AboutUs">About Us</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-34168" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34168"><a href="https://www.laws.com/category/TermsOfUse">Terms of Use</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-34169" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34169"><a href="https://www.laws.com/category/PrivacyPolicy">Privacy Policy</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-34170" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34170"><a href="https://www.laws.com/category/AdvertisingPolicy">Advertising Policy</a></li>
</ul> </div>
<strong>Disclaimer</strong> <br>There is no confidential attorney-client relationship formed by using Laws.com website and information provided on this site is not legal advice. For legal advice, please contact your attorney. Attorneys listed on this website are not referred or endorsed by this website. By using Laws.com you agree to Laws.com Terms Of Use.<br>
Copyright © 2017 Laws.com | All rights reserved
</div>
<!--<div class="right">Designed by <a href="https://laws.com" target="_blank">Laws.com</a></div>-->
<div class="clear-float"></div>
<!-- END .footer-content -->
</div>
<!-- END .wrapper -->
</div>
<!-- END .footer -->
</div>
<!-- END .boxed -->
</div>
<div class="lightbox">
<div class="lightcontent-loading">
<h2 class="light-title">Loading..</h2>
<a href="#" onclick="javascript:lightboxclose();" class="light-close"><i class="fa fa-times"></i>Close Window</a>
<div class="loading-box">
<h3>Loading, Please Wait!</h3>
<span>This may take a second or two.</span>
<span class="loading-image"><img src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/images/loading.gif" title="" alt="" /></span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="lightcontent"></div>
</div>
<script>
window.RS_MODULES = window.RS_MODULES || {};
window.RS_MODULES.modules = window.RS_MODULES.modules || {};
window.RS_MODULES.waiting = window.RS_MODULES.waiting || [];
window.RS_MODULES.defered = true;
window.RS_MODULES.moduleWaiting = window.RS_MODULES.moduleWaiting || {};
window.RS_MODULES.type = 'compiled';
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var relevanssi_rt_regex = /(&|\?)_(rt|rt_nonce)=(\w+)/g
var newUrl = window.location.search.replace(relevanssi_rt_regex, '')
history.replaceState(null, null, window.location.pathname + newUrl + window.location.hash)
</script>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='rs-plugin-settings-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/css/rs6.css?ver=6.6.11' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='rs-plugin-settings-inline-css' type='text/css'>
#rs-demo-id {}
</style>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/swv/js/index.js?ver=5.9.3" id="swv-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="contact-form-7-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var wpcf7 = {"api":{"root":"https:\/\/statutes.laws.com\/wp-json\/","namespace":"contact-form-7\/v1"},"cached":"1"};
/* ]]]]><![CDATA[> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/js/index.js?ver=5.9.3" id="contact-form-7-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="wpil-frontend-script-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var wpilFrontend = {"ajaxUrl":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","postId":"19","postType":"post","openInternalInNewTab":"1","openExternalInNewTab":"1","disableClicks":"0","openLinksWithJS":"0","trackAllElementClicks":"0","clicksI18n":{"imageNoText":"Image in link: No Text","imageText":"Image Title: ","noText":"No Anchor Text Found"}};
/* ]]]]><![CDATA[> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/link-whisper-premium/js/frontend.min.js?ver=1708797351" id="wpil-frontend-script-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/rbtools.min.js?ver=6.6.11" defer async id="tp-tools-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/rs6.min.js?ver=6.6.11" defer async id="revmin-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/effect.min.js?ver=1.13.2" id="jquery-effects-core-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/effect-slide.min.js?ver=1.13.2" id="jquery-effects-slide-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/admin/jquery.c00kie.js?ver=1.0" id="cookies-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/jquery.floating_popup.1.3.min.js?ver=1.0" id="banner-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/theme-scripts.js?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7" id="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/-scripts-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/jquery.event.move.js?ver=1.3.1" id="move-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/jquery.event.swipe.js?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7" id="swipe-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/js_composer/assets/lib/bower/isotope/dist/isotope.pkgd.min.js?ver=7.5" id="isotope-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/js/imagesloaded.min.js?ver=5.0.0" id="imagesloaded-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/js/masonry.min.js?ver=4.2.2" id="masonry-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/jquery.infinitescroll.min.js?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7" id="infinitescroll-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/lightbox.js?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7" id="lightbox-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/iscroll.js?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7" id="iscroll-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/ot_gallery.js?ver=1.0" id="ot-gallery-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/scripts.js?ver=1.0" id="ot-scripts-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/legatus.js?ver=1.0.0" id="scripts-wp-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="toc-front-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var tocplus = {"visibility_show":"show","visibility_hide":"hide","width":"Auto"};
var tocplus = {"visibility_show":"show","visibility_hide":"hide","width":"Auto"};
var tocplus = {"visibility_show":"show","visibility_hide":"hide","width":"Auto"};
/* ]]]]><![CDATA[> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/table-of-contents-plus/front.min.js?ver=2309" id="toc-front-js"></script>
<script></script>
<!-- END body -->
</body>
<!-- END html -->
</html>]]>