State Codes and Statutes

Statutes > North-dakota > T43 > T43c07

Download pdf
Loading PDF...


CHAPTER 43-07CONTRACTORS43-07-01. Definitions. In this chapter, unless the context or subject matter otherwiserequires:1.&quot;Contractor&quot; means any person engaged in the business of construction, repair,<br>alteration, dismantling, or demolition of bridges, highways, roads, streets, buildings,<br>airports, dams, drainage or irrigation ditches, sewers, water or gas mains, water<br>filters, tanks, towers, oil, gas, or water pipelines, and every other type of structure,<br>project, development, or improvement coming within the definition of real or personal<br>property, including the construction, alteration, or repair of property to be held either<br>for sale or rental, and shall include subcontractor, public contractor, and nonresident<br>contractor.2.&quot;Nonresident contractor&quot; means any contractor who has not an established and<br>maintained place of business within this state, or who has not made reports to North<br>Dakota workforce safety and insurance within the previous year of employees within<br>this state, and who has not made contributions to the North Dakota workforce safety<br>and insurance fund accordingly, or who, during a like period has not made an<br>income tax return in this state.3.&quot;Person&quot; includes any individual, firm, copartnership, association, corporation,<br>limited liability company, or other group or combination thereof acting as a unit, and<br>the plural as well as the singular number, unless the intent to give a more limited<br>meaning is disclosed clearly by the context thereof.4.&quot;Public contract&quot; means a contract with the state of North Dakota or any board,<br>commission, or department thereof, or with any board of county commissioners, or<br>with any city council or board of city commissioners, board of township supervisors,<br>school board, or with any state or municipal agency, or with any other public board,<br>body, commission, or agency authorized to let or award contracts for the<br>construction or reconstruction of public work when the contract cost, value, or price<br>exceeds the sum of two thousand dollars and includes subcontracts undertaken to<br>perform work covered by the original contract or any part thereof when the contract<br>cost, value, or price of the work included in such subcontract exceeds the sum of<br>two thousand dollars.5.&quot;Registrar&quot; means the secretary of state of the state of North Dakota.43-07-02. License required. A person may not engage in the business nor act in thecapacity of a contractor within this state when the cost, value, or price per job exceeds the sum of<br>two thousand dollars nor may that person maintain any claim, action, suit, or proceeding in any<br>court of this state related to the person's business or capacity as a contractor without first having<br>a license as provided in this chapter.43-07-03. Registrar designated. The secretary of state as registrar has authority toemploy such assistance and procure such records, supplies, and equipment as may be<br>necessary to carry out the provisions of this chapter.43-07-04. License - How obtained - Failure to grant - Revocation.1.To obtain a license under this chapter, an applicant who is eighteen years of age or<br>older shall submit, on forms the registrar prescribes, an application under oath<br>containing a statement of the applicant's experience and qualifications as a<br>contractor.A copy of a certificate of liability insurance must be filed with theapplication and the contractor shall submit a statement from North Dakota workforce<br>safety and insurance that the contractor has secured workforce safety and insurancePage No. 1coverage satisfactory to workforce safety and insurance. If the registrar deems it<br>appropriate or necessary, the registrar may also require any other information to<br>assist the registrar in determining the applicant's fitness to act in the capacity of a<br>contractor, including, at the expense of the applicant, criminal history record<br>information of the applicant or the officers, members, or partners of the applicant<br>which is held or maintained by the bureau of criminal investigation or a similar entity<br>in another state. The application must contain a statement that the applicant desires<br>the issuance of a license under this chapter and must specify the class of license<br>sought.2.The registrar may refuse to grant a license if the registrar determines the application<br>contains false, misleading, or incomplete information; the applicant fails or refuses to<br>authorize or pay for criminal history information requested by the registrar; or as<br>otherwise provided in sections 12.1-33-02.1 and 43-07-04.1.The registrar shallnotify the applicant in writing if the registrar does not grant the license and shall<br>provide the applicant an opportunity to respond to or cure the defect in the<br>application for a period of ten days from the date of the written notification. An<br>applicant aggrieved by a decision of the registrar not to grant the license may appeal<br>the decision to the district court of the applicant's county of residence or Burleigh<br>County.3.No sooner than twenty days after sending written notice to a contractor at the<br>contractor's last-known address, the registrar shall classify as not in good standing<br>the license of any contractor who fails to:a.Maintain liability insurance coverage required by this section or by section<br>43-07-10;b.File, renew, or properly amend any fictitious name certificate required by<br>chapter 45-11;c.Maintain an active status of a corporation or registration as a foreign<br>corporation;d.Maintain an active status of a limited liability company or registration as a<br>foreign limited liability company;e.File or renew a trade name registration as required by chapter 47-25;f.Maintain a limited liability partnership registration or foreign limited liability<br>partnership registration as required by chapter 45-22; org.Maintain a limited partnership certificate of limited partnership or foreign limited<br>partnership certificate of authority.4.Any contractor who has been notified by the registrar that the contractor's license is<br>not in good standing shall cease soliciting or entering new contract projects. If the<br>contractor fails to correct the deficiency specified in the notice by evidence<br>satisfactory to the registrar within thirty days of the date of the notice or if the<br>contractor solicits or enters new contract projects while the contractor's license is not<br>in good standing, the registrar shall use the procedures of chapter 28-32 to revoke<br>the license of the contractor.43-07-04.1. Conviction not bar to licensure - Exceptions. Conviction of an offensedoes not disqualify a person from licensure under this chapter unless the secretary of state<br>determines that the offense has a direct bearing upon a person's ability to serve the public as a<br>contractor or that, following conviction of any offense, the person is not sufficiently rehabilitated<br>under section 12.1-33-02.1.Page No. 243-07-05. Classes of licenses. Four classes of licenses must be issued under thischapter, which must be designated as class A, B, C, and D licenses.The holders of suchlicenses are entitled to engage in the contracting business within this state subject to the<br>following limitations:1.The holder of a class A license is subject to no limitation as to the value of any single<br>contract project.2.The holder of a class B license is not entitled to engage in the construction of any<br>single contract project of a value in excess of two hundred fifty thousand dollars.3.The holder of a class C license is not entitled to engage in the construction of any<br>single contract project of a value in excess of one hundred twenty thousand dollars.4.The holder of a class D license is not entitled to engage in the construction of any<br>single contract project of a value in excess of fifty thousand dollars.43-07-06. Administrative and governing bodies may impose requirements. Anyadministrative body or governing body, agency, or commission having power to enter into public<br>contracts may impose reasonable requirements and conditions as conditions precedent to the<br>awarding of a contract for the construction or reconstruction of public works in addition to the<br>requirements imposed by this chapter.43-07-07. License fees. At the time of making application for a license as described andrequired in this chapter, the applicant shall pay to the registrar the following fees:1.For a class A license, the sum of three hundred dollars.2.For a class B license, the sum of two hundred dollars.3.For a class C license, the sum of one hundred fifty dollars.4.For a class D license, the sum of fifty dollars.All moneys collected by the registrar under this chapter must be deposited by the registrar with<br>the state treasurer, who shall credit them to the general fund of the state.43-07-08. Exceptions. This chapter does not apply to:1.Any authorized representative or representatives of the United States government,<br>the state of North Dakota, or any county, municipality, irrigation district, reclamation<br>district, or other political corporation.2.Any person who furnishes any fabricated or finished product, material, or article of<br>merchandise which is not incorporated into or attached to real property by such<br>person so as to become affixed thereto.43-07-09. Duty of registrar - Expiration of license. Within fifteen days from the date ofapplication, the registrar may investigate and determine each applicant's fitness to act in the<br>capacity of contractor as defined in this chapter, and no license may be issued to such applicant<br>until the registrar receives all documentation necessary to obtain a license and the appropriate<br>fee. The license issued on an original application entitles the licensee to act as a contractor<br>within this state, subject to the limitations of such license, until the expiration of the then current<br>fiscal year ending March first, except that an initial license issued to a licensee in January or<br>February is valid until March first of the subsequent year.43-07-09.1. Name changes. Not later than ten days after the date of a change in acontractor's name, the licensee must notify the registrar of the name change on a form provided<br>by the registrar. A name change must be accompanied by a ten dollar fee. A licensee may notPage No. 3change its name if the change is associated with a change in the legal status other than a<br>change in marital status. A corporation, limited liability company, limited liability partnership, or<br>limited partnership registered with the secretary of state is not subject to this section.43-07-10.Renewal of license - Grounds for nonrenewal - Time requirements -Invalidity of license for failure to renew.1.Any license issued under this chapter may be renewed for each successive fiscal<br>year by obtaining from the registrar a certificate of renewal. To obtain a certificate of<br>renewal, the licensee shall file with the registrar an application that includes a listing<br>of each project, contract, or subcontract completed by the licensee during the<br>preceding calendar year in this state over the amount of twenty-five thousand dollars<br>and the nature of the work of each project, contract, or subcontract. The registrar<br>shall within a reasonable time forward a copy of the list to the state tax<br>commissioner. The applicant shall include with the application a copy of a certificate<br>of liability insurance unless the registrar has a current valid certificate of insurance<br>on file, and a certification that the applicant has submitted all payroll taxes, including<br>North Dakota income tax, workforce safety and insurance premiums, and<br>unemployment insurance premiums due at the time of renewal, which documents<br>need not be notarized.2.The registrar may refuse to renew a license if the registrar determines the<br>application contains false, misleading, or incomplete information or if the contractor's<br>license is not in good standing for any of the reasons listed in subsection 3 of section<br>43-07-04. The registrar shall notify the applicant in writing if the registrar does not<br>grant the license and shall provide the applicant an opportunity to respond to or cure<br>the defect in the application for a period of ten days from the date of the written<br>notification. An applicant aggrieved by a decision of the registrar not to grant the<br>license may appeal the decision to the district court of the applicant's county of<br>residence or Burleigh County.3.The application for a certificate of renewal must be made to the registrar on or<br>before the first day of March of each year. At the time of filing the application for a<br>certificate of renewal, the applicant shall pay to the registrar a renewal fee equal to<br>twenty percent of the license fee established in section 43-07-07. If any contractor<br>applies for a renewal under a class different from the license previously issued, the<br>new class license may be issued upon the payment of the fee required for the<br>issuance of the license of the class applied for. If any contractor fails to file an<br>application for a certificate of renewal by the March first deadline, the contractor's<br>license is not in good standing and the contractor must be deemed to be unlicensed<br>within the meaning of sections 43-07-02 and 43-07-18.Within sixty days afterMarch first, the contractor must be notified by mail that the contractor's license is not<br>in good standing.The contractor then has until June first to renew by paying apenalty fee of seventy-five percent of the renewal fee, filing an application for a<br>certificate of renewal, and paying the renewal fee. A contractor who applies for a<br>certificate of renewal before or within ninety days of the filing deadline is not subject<br>to the investigation authorized in section 43-07-09. After the June first deadline any<br>licenses not renewed are revoked. Any application for a certificate of renewal must<br>be fully completed within sixty days of the date the application is received by the<br>registrar or the registrar shall return the application to the contractor who then is<br>subject to section 43-07-09. The registrar may destroy all renewals provided for in<br>this section after they have been on file for six years.43-07-11. Contractor's bond - Requirements. Repealed by S.L. 1995, ch. 397, <meta property="og:url" content="https://statutes.laws.com/test/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Statutes" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2019-12-27T23:25:16+00:00" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <h2>State Codes and Statutes</h2> <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/'>Statutes</a> > <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota'>North-dakota</a> > <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota/t43'>T43</a> > <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota/t43/t43c07'>T43c07</a><br><br><a href="https://law.justia.com/codes/north-dakota/2009/t43/pdf/t43c07.pdf">Download pdf</a><br><div id="embed_document" style="width:625px; height:815px; text-align:center;">Loading PDF...</div><script type="text/javascript"> var pdf_url = 'https://law.justia.com/codes/north-dakota/2009/t43/pdf/t43c07.pdf'; $(document).ready(function() { var embedwindow = $("#embed_document"); if ($.browser.msie){ embedwindow.html('<embed src="'+pdf_url+'" width="100%" height="100%"></embed>'); } else { embedwindow.html('<iframe style="width:100%; height:100%;" src="https://docs.google.com/gview?url='+window.escape(pdf_url)+'&embedded=true" frameborder="0"></iframe>'); } });</script><br><br><noframes>CHAPTER 43-07CONTRACTORS43-07-01. Definitions. In this chapter, unless the context or subject matter otherwiserequires:1.&quot;Contractor&quot; means any person engaged in the business of construction, repair,<br>alteration, dismantling, or demolition of bridges, highways, roads, streets, buildings,<br>airports, dams, drainage or irrigation ditches, sewers, water or gas mains, water<br>filters, tanks, towers, oil, gas, or water pipelines, and every other type of structure,<br>project, development, or improvement coming within the definition of real or personal<br>property, including the construction, alteration, or repair of property to be held either<br>for sale or rental, and shall include subcontractor, public contractor, and nonresident<br>contractor.2.&quot;Nonresident contractor&quot; means any contractor who has not an established and<br>maintained place of business within this state, or who has not made reports to North<br>Dakota workforce safety and insurance within the previous year of employees within<br>this state, and who has not made contributions to the North Dakota workforce safety<br>and insurance fund accordingly, or who, during a like period has not made an<br>income tax return in this state.3.&quot;Person&quot; includes any individual, firm, copartnership, association, corporation,<br>limited liability company, or other group or combination thereof acting as a unit, and<br>the plural as well as the singular number, unless the intent to give a more limited<br>meaning is disclosed clearly by the context thereof.4.&quot;Public contract&quot; means a contract with the state of North Dakota or any board,<br>commission, or department thereof, or with any board of county commissioners, or<br>with any city council or board of city commissioners, board of township supervisors,<br>school board, or with any state or municipal agency, or with any other public board,<br>body, commission, or agency authorized to let or award contracts for the<br>construction or reconstruction of public work when the contract cost, value, or price<br>exceeds the sum of two thousand dollars and includes subcontracts undertaken to<br>perform work covered by the original contract or any part thereof when the contract<br>cost, value, or price of the work included in such subcontract exceeds the sum of<br>two thousand dollars.5.&quot;Registrar&quot; means the secretary of state of the state of North Dakota.43-07-02. License required. A person may not engage in the business nor act in thecapacity of a contractor within this state when the cost, value, or price per job exceeds the sum of<br>two thousand dollars nor may that person maintain any claim, action, suit, or proceeding in any<br>court of this state related to the person's business or capacity as a contractor without first having<br>a license as provided in this chapter.43-07-03. Registrar designated. The secretary of state as registrar has authority toemploy such assistance and procure such records, supplies, and equipment as may be<br>necessary to carry out the provisions of this chapter.43-07-04. License - How obtained - Failure to grant - Revocation.1.To obtain a license under this chapter, an applicant who is eighteen years of age or<br>older shall submit, on forms the registrar prescribes, an application under oath<br>containing a statement of the applicant's experience and qualifications as a<br>contractor.A copy of a certificate of liability insurance must be filed with theapplication and the contractor shall submit a statement from North Dakota workforce<br>safety and insurance that the contractor has secured workforce safety and insurancePage No. 1coverage satisfactory to workforce safety and insurance. If the registrar deems it<br>appropriate or necessary, the registrar may also require any other information to<br>assist the registrar in determining the applicant's fitness to act in the capacity of a<br>contractor, including, at the expense of the applicant, criminal history record<br>information of the applicant or the officers, members, or partners of the applicant<br>which is held or maintained by the bureau of criminal investigation or a similar entity<br>in another state. The application must contain a statement that the applicant desires<br>the issuance of a license under this chapter and must specify the class of license<br>sought.2.The registrar may refuse to grant a license if the registrar determines the application<br>contains false, misleading, or incomplete information; the applicant fails or refuses to<br>authorize or pay for criminal history information requested by the registrar; or as<br>otherwise provided in sections 12.1-33-02.1 and 43-07-04.1.The registrar shallnotify the applicant in writing if the registrar does not grant the license and shall<br>provide the applicant an opportunity to respond to or cure the defect in the<br>application for a period of ten days from the date of the written notification. An<br>applicant aggrieved by a decision of the registrar not to grant the license may appeal<br>the decision to the district court of the applicant's county of residence or Burleigh<br>County.3.No sooner than twenty days after sending written notice to a contractor at the<br>contractor's last-known address, the registrar shall classify as not in good standing<br>the license of any contractor who fails to:a.Maintain liability insurance coverage required by this section or by section<br>43-07-10;b.File, renew, or properly amend any fictitious name certificate required by<br>chapter 45-11;c.Maintain an active status of a corporation or registration as a foreign<br>corporation;d.Maintain an active status of a limited liability company or registration as a<br>foreign limited liability company;e.File or renew a trade name registration as required by chapter 47-25;f.Maintain a limited liability partnership registration or foreign limited liability<br>partnership registration as required by chapter 45-22; org.Maintain a limited partnership certificate of limited partnership or foreign limited<br>partnership certificate of authority.4.Any contractor who has been notified by the registrar that the contractor's license is<br>not in good standing shall cease soliciting or entering new contract projects. If the<br>contractor fails to correct the deficiency specified in the notice by evidence<br>satisfactory to the registrar within thirty days of the date of the notice or if the<br>contractor solicits or enters new contract projects while the contractor's license is not<br>in good standing, the registrar shall use the procedures of chapter 28-32 to revoke<br>the license of the contractor.43-07-04.1. Conviction not bar to licensure - Exceptions. Conviction of an offensedoes not disqualify a person from licensure under this chapter unless the secretary of state<br>determines that the offense has a direct bearing upon a person's ability to serve the public as a<br>contractor or that, following conviction of any offense, the person is not sufficiently rehabilitated<br>under section 12.1-33-02.1.Page No. 243-07-05. Classes of licenses. Four classes of licenses must be issued under thischapter, which must be designated as class A, B, C, and D licenses.The holders of suchlicenses are entitled to engage in the contracting business within this state subject to the<br>following limitations:1.The holder of a class A license is subject to no limitation as to the value of any single<br>contract project.2.The holder of a class B license is not entitled to engage in the construction of any<br>single contract project of a value in excess of two hundred fifty thousand dollars.3.The holder of a class C license is not entitled to engage in the construction of any<br>single contract project of a value in excess of one hundred twenty thousand dollars.4.The holder of a class D license is not entitled to engage in the construction of any<br>single contract project of a value in excess of fifty thousand dollars.43-07-06. Administrative and governing bodies may impose requirements. Anyadministrative body or governing body, agency, or commission having power to enter into public<br>contracts may impose reasonable requirements and conditions as conditions precedent to the<br>awarding of a contract for the construction or reconstruction of public works in addition to the<br>requirements imposed by this chapter.43-07-07. License fees. At the time of making application for a license as described andrequired in this chapter, the applicant shall pay to the registrar the following fees:1.For a class A license, the sum of three hundred dollars.2.For a class B license, the sum of two hundred dollars.3.For a class C license, the sum of one hundred fifty dollars.4.For a class D license, the sum of fifty dollars.All moneys collected by the registrar under this chapter must be deposited by the registrar with<br>the state treasurer, who shall credit them to the general fund of the state.43-07-08. Exceptions. This chapter does not apply to:1.Any authorized representative or representatives of the United States government,<br>the state of North Dakota, or any county, municipality, irrigation district, reclamation<br>district, or other political corporation.2.Any person who furnishes any fabricated or finished product, material, or article of<br>merchandise which is not incorporated into or attached to real property by such<br>person so as to become affixed thereto.43-07-09. Duty of registrar - Expiration of license. Within fifteen days from the date ofapplication, the registrar may investigate and determine each applicant's fitness to act in the<br>capacity of contractor as defined in this chapter, and no license may be issued to such applicant<br>until the registrar receives all documentation necessary to obtain a license and the appropriate<br>fee. The license issued on an original application entitles the licensee to act as a contractor<br>within this state, subject to the limitations of such license, until the expiration of the then current<br>fiscal year ending March first, except that an initial license issued to a licensee in January or<br>February is valid until March first of the subsequent year.43-07-09.1. Name changes. Not later than ten days after the date of a change in acontractor's name, the licensee must notify the registrar of the name change on a form provided<br>by the registrar. A name change must be accompanied by a ten dollar fee. A licensee may notPage No. 3change its name if the change is associated with a change in the legal status other than a<br>change in marital status. A corporation, limited liability company, limited liability partnership, or<br>limited partnership registered with the secretary of state is not subject to this section.43-07-10.Renewal of license - Grounds for nonrenewal - Time requirements -Invalidity of license for failure to renew.1.Any license issued under this chapter may be renewed for each successive fiscal<br>year by obtaining from the registrar a certificate of renewal. To obtain a certificate of<br>renewal, the licensee shall file with the registrar an application that includes a listing<br>of each project, contract, or subcontract completed by the licensee during the<br>preceding calendar year in this state over the amount of twenty-five thousand dollars<br>and the nature of the work of each project, contract, or subcontract. The registrar<br>shall within a reasonable time forward a copy of the list to the state tax<br>commissioner. The applicant shall include with the application a copy of a certificate<br>of liability insurance unless the registrar has a current valid certificate of insurance<br>on file, and a certification that the applicant has submitted all payroll taxes, including<br>North Dakota income tax, workforce safety and insurance premiums, and<br>unemployment insurance premiums due at the time of renewal, which documents<br>need not be notarized.2.The registrar may refuse to renew a license if the registrar determines the<br>application contains false, misleading, or incomplete information or if the contractor's<br>license is not in good standing for any of the reasons listed in subsection 3 of section<br>43-07-04. The registrar shall notify the applicant in writing if the registrar does not<br>grant the license and shall provide the applicant an opportunity to respond to or cure<br>the defect in the application for a period of ten days from the date of the written<br>notification. An applicant aggrieved by a decision of the registrar not to grant the<br>license may appeal the decision to the district court of the applicant's county of<br>residence or Burleigh County.3.The application for a certificate of renewal must be made to the registrar on or<br>before the first day of March of each year. At the time of filing the application for a<br>certificate of renewal, the applicant shall pay to the registrar a renewal fee equal to<br>twenty percent of the license fee established in section 43-07-07. If any contractor<br>applies for a renewal under a class different from the license previously issued, the<br>new class license may be issued upon the payment of the fee required for the<br>issuance of the license of the class applied for. If any contractor fails to file an<br>application for a certificate of renewal by the March first deadline, the contractor's<br>license is not in good standing and the contractor must be deemed to be unlicensed<br>within the meaning of sections 43-07-02 and 43-07-18.Within sixty days afterMarch first, the contractor must be notified by mail that the contractor's license is not<br>in good standing.The contractor then has until June first to renew by paying apenalty fee of seventy-five percent of the renewal fee, filing an application for a<br>certificate of renewal, and paying the renewal fee. A contractor who applies for a<br>certificate of renewal before or within ninety days of the filing deadline is not subject<br>to the investigation authorized in section 43-07-09. After the June first deadline any<br>licenses not renewed are revoked. Any application for a certificate of renewal must<br>be fully completed within sixty days of the date the application is received by the<br>registrar or the registrar shall return the application to the contractor who then is<br>subject to section 43-07-09. The registrar may destroy all renewals provided for in<br>this section after they have been on file for six years.43-07-11. Contractor's bond - Requirements. Repealed by S.L. 1995, ch. 397, <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://statutes.laws.com/test/","url":"https://statutes.laws.com/test/","name":"State Codes and Statutes - Statutes","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://statutes.laws.com/#website"},"datePublished":"2015-03-10T03:31:37+00:00","dateModified":"2019-12-27T23:25:16+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://statutes.laws.com/test/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://statutes.laws.com/test/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://statutes.laws.com/test/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://statutes.laws.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"State Codes and Statutes"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://statutes.laws.com/#website","url":"https://statutes.laws.com/","name":"Statutes","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://statutes.laws.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Statutes &raquo; Feed" href="https://statutes.laws.com/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/statutes.laws.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff","\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200b\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} .wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} .wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='contact-form-7-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/css/styles.css?ver=5.9.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='redux-extendify-styles-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/redux-framework/redux-core/assets/css/extendify-utilities.css?ver=4.4.15' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='google-fonts-2-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Titillium+Web&#038;subset=latin&#038;ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='reset-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/reset.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=4.7.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='main-stylesheet-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/main-stylesheet.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='shortcode-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/shortcode.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='lightbox-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/lightbox.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='dat-menu-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/dat-menu.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='responsive-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/responsive.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <!--[if lt IE 8]> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ie-only-styles-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/ie-ancient.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <![endif]--> <link rel='stylesheet' id='dynamic-css-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=ot_dynamic_css&#038;ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='style-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/style.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-icons-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/eicons/css/elementor-icons.min.css?ver=5.23.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-frontend-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/frontend-lite.min.css?ver=3.17.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='swiper-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/swiper/css/swiper.min.css?ver=5.3.6' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-post-248-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/elementor/css/post-248.css?ver=1699721364' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-pro-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/css/frontend-lite.min.css?ver=3.16.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-global-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/elementor/css/global.css?ver=1699721365' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='toc-screen-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/table-of-contents-plus/screen.min.css?ver=2309' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='google-fonts-1-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C200%2C200italic%2C300%2C300italic%2C400%2C400italic%2C500%2C500italic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C800%2C800italic%2C900%2C900italic%7CRoboto+Slab%3A100%2C100italic%2C200%2C200italic%2C300%2C300italic%2C400%2C400italic%2C500%2C500italic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C800%2C800italic%2C900%2C900italic&#038;display=auto&#038;ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" crossorigin><script type="text/javascript" id="jquery-core-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var ot = {"THEME_NAME":"legatus","adminUrl":"https:\/\/statutes.laws.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","gallery_id":"","galleryCat":"","imageUrl":"https:\/\/statutes.laws.com\/wp-content\/themes\/legatus\/images\/","cssUrl":"https:\/\/statutes.laws.com\/wp-content\/themes\/legatus\/css\/","themeUrl":"https:\/\/statutes.laws.com\/wp-content\/themes\/legatus"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script></script><link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/19" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://statutes.laws.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://statutes.laws.com/?p=19' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstatutes.laws.com%2Ftest%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstatutes.laws.com%2Ftest%2F&#038;format=xml" /> <meta name="generator" content="Redux 4.4.15" /><script type="text/javascript"> (function(url){ if(/(?:Chrome\/26\.0\.1410\.63 Safari\/537\.31|WordfenceTestMonBot)/.test(navigator.userAgent)){ return; } var addEvent = function(evt, handler) { if (window.addEventListener) { document.addEventListener(evt, handler, false); } else if (window.attachEvent) { document.attachEvent('on' + evt, handler); } }; var removeEvent = function(evt, handler) { if (window.removeEventListener) { document.removeEventListener(evt, handler, false); } else if (window.detachEvent) { document.detachEvent('on' + evt, handler); } }; var evts = 'contextmenu dblclick drag dragend dragenter dragleave dragover dragstart drop keydown keypress keyup mousedown mousemove mouseout mouseover mouseup mousewheel scroll'.split(' '); var logHuman = function() { if (window.wfLogHumanRan) { return; } window.wfLogHumanRan = true; var wfscr = document.createElement('script'); wfscr.type = 'text/javascript'; wfscr.async = true; wfscr.src = url + '&r=' + Math.random(); (document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(wfscr); for (var i = 0; i < evts.length; i++) { removeEvent(evts[i], logHuman); } }; for (var i = 0; i < evts.length; i++) { addEvent(evts[i], logHuman); } })('//statutes.laws.com/?wordfence_lh=1&hid=192A0030F9AC25FE9326AE7C8F695CE6'); </script><meta name="generator" content="Elementor 3.17.3; features: e_dom_optimization, e_optimized_assets_loading, e_optimized_css_loading, additional_custom_breakpoints; settings: css_print_method-external, google_font-enabled, font_display-auto"> <meta name="generator" content="Powered by WPBakery Page Builder - drag and drop page builder for WordPress."/> <meta name="generator" content="Powered by Slider Revolution 6.6.11 - responsive, Mobile-Friendly Slider Plugin for WordPress with comfortable drag and drop interface." /> <!-- Clicky Web Analytics - https://clicky.com, WordPress Plugin by Yoast - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/clicky/ --><script type='text/javascript'> function clicky_gc(name) { var ca = document.cookie.split(';'); for (var i in ca) { if (ca[i].indexOf(name + '=') != -1) { return decodeURIComponent(ca[i].split('=')[1]); } } return ''; } var username_check = clicky_gc('"comment_author_d2f3dac10cedf763d31d1d5e708a3685"'); if (username_check) var clicky_custom_session = {username: username_check}; </script> <script> var clicky_site_ids = clicky_site_ids || []; clicky_site_ids.push("100851447"); </script> <script async src="//static.getclicky.com/js"></script><script>function setREVStartSize(e){ //window.requestAnimationFrame(function() { window.RSIW = window.RSIW===undefined ? window.innerWidth : window.RSIW; window.RSIH = window.RSIH===undefined ? window.innerHeight : window.RSIH; try { var pw = document.getElementById(e.c).parentNode.offsetWidth, newh; pw = pw===0 || isNaN(pw) || (e.l=="fullwidth" || e.layout=="fullwidth") ? window.RSIW : pw; e.tabw = e.tabw===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.tabw); e.thumbw = e.thumbw===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.thumbw); e.tabh = e.tabh===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.tabh); e.thumbh = e.thumbh===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.thumbh); e.tabhide = e.tabhide===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.tabhide); e.thumbhide = e.thumbhide===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.thumbhide); e.mh = e.mh===undefined || e.mh=="" || e.mh==="auto" ? 0 : parseInt(e.mh,0); if(e.layout==="fullscreen" || e.l==="fullscreen") newh = Math.max(e.mh,window.RSIH); else{ e.gw = Array.isArray(e.gw) ? e.gw : [e.gw]; for (var i in e.rl) if (e.gw[i]===undefined || e.gw[i]===0) e.gw[i] = e.gw[i-1]; e.gh = e.el===undefined || e.el==="" || (Array.isArray(e.el) && e.el.length==0)? e.gh : e.el; e.gh = Array.isArray(e.gh) ? e.gh : [e.gh]; for (var i in e.rl) if (e.gh[i]===undefined || e.gh[i]===0) e.gh[i] = e.gh[i-1]; var nl = new Array(e.rl.length), ix = 0, sl; e.tabw = e.tabhide>=pw ? 0 : e.tabw; e.thumbw = e.thumbhide>=pw ? 0 : e.thumbw; e.tabh = e.tabhide>=pw ? 0 : e.tabh; e.thumbh = e.thumbhide>=pw ? 0 : e.thumbh; for (var i in e.rl) nl[i] = e.rl[i]<window.RSIW ? 0 : e.rl[i]; sl = nl[0]; for (var i in nl) if (sl>nl[i] && nl[i]>0) { sl = nl[i]; ix=i;} var m = pw>(e.gw[ix]+e.tabw+e.thumbw) ? 1 : (pw-(e.tabw+e.thumbw)) / (e.gw[ix]); newh = (e.gh[ix] * m) + (e.tabh + e.thumbh); } var el = document.getElementById(e.c); if (el!==null && el) el.style.height = newh+"px"; el = document.getElementById(e.c+"_wrapper"); if (el!==null && el) { el.style.height = newh+"px"; el.style.display = "block"; } } catch(e){ console.log("Failure at Presize of Slider:" + e) } //}); };</script> <noscript><style> .wpb_animate_when_almost_visible { opacity: 1; }</style></noscript> <style> body { background: none !important; } </style> <!-- END head --> </head> <!-- BEGIN body --> <body class="page-template-default page page-id-19 wpb-js-composer js-comp-ver-7.5 vc_responsive elementor-default elementor-kit-248 elementor-page elementor-page-19"> <!-- BEGIN .boxed --> <div class="boxed"> <!-- BEGIN .header --> <div class="header"> <!-- BEGIN .header-very-top --> <div class="header-very-top"> <!-- BEGIN .wrapper --> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="left"> <ul class="ot-menu very-top-menu load-responsive" rel="Top Menu"><li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com" class="icon-text"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a></li><li id="menu-item-154" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-1 single"><a href="https://www.laws.com/">Laws</a></li> <li id="menu-item-155" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-2 single"><a href="https://lawyer.laws.com/">Lawyers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-156" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-3 single"><a href="https://find.laws.com/">Find Laws</a></li> <li id="menu-item-157" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-4 single"><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/">Legal Forms</a></li> <li id="menu-item-158" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-5 single"><a href="https://state-laws.laws.com/">State Laws</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="clear-float"></div> </div> <div class="double-split"></div> <!-- END .header-very-top --> </div> <!-- BEGIN .header-middle --> <div class="header-middle"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="banner"> <div class="banner-block"> </div> </div> <div class="clear-float"></div> </div> <!-- END .header-middle --> </div> <!-- BEGIN .header-menu --> <div class="header-menu thisisfixed"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="logo-image"> <!--<h1></h1>--> <a href="https://statutes.laws.com"><img class="logo" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/images/logo.png" alt="Statutes" /></a> </div> <ul class="menu main-menu" ><li id="menu-item-148" class="normal-drop no-description menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-1" style="background:#264C84; color:#264C84; "><a href="https://www.laws.com/">Laws</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149" class="normal-drop no-description menu_red menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-2"><a href="https://lawyer.laws.com/">Lawyers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-150" class="normal-drop no-description menu_green menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-3"><a href="https://find.laws.com/">Find Laws</a></li> <li id="menu-item-152" class="normal-drop no-description menu_boldred menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-4"><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/">Legal Forms</a></li> <li id="menu-item-151" class="normal-drop no-description menu_blue menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-5"><a href="https://state-laws.laws.com/">State Laws</a></li> </ul> <div class="clear-float"></div> </div> <!-- END .header-menu --> </div> <!-- BEGIN .header-undermenu --> <div class="header-undermenu"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="clear-float"></div> </div> <!-- END .header-undermenu --> </div> <!-- Begin add search bar --> <br /> <div class="wrapper"> <!-- add search bar - Peter - May 2015 --> <style> .input-txt-bigger{background:url(https://laws.com/uploads/input-txt-bigger.jpg) no-repeat;width:100%;height:30px;color:#5a8bb7;padding:0px 10px;padding:6px 10px\9;float:left;border:0px;font-size:16px} .input-btn{background:url(https://laws.com/uploads/input-btn-blue.png) no-repeat;width:100%;height:30px;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;margin-left:10px;text-align:center;float:left;border:0px;cursor:pointer} </style> <form action="https://laws.com/searchresults" method="get"> <input type="text" id="qucik-key" name="sname" value="Search Laws" onfocus="if(this.value=='Search Laws' || this.value=='') this.value='';" onblur="if(this.value=='') this.value='Search Laws';" class="input-txt-bigger" style="background:none;border:2px solid #1661B2;width:75%;height:55px;font-size:30px;font-weight:bold" /> <input type="submit" class="input-btn" value="SEARCH" style="width:167px;height:55px;font-size:20px;background:url(https://laws.com/uploads/input-btn-blue-big.png) no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent" /> </form> <!-- End add search bar - Peter - May 2015 --> </div> <div style="height: 70px;"></div> <!-- Begin add search bar --> <!-- END .header --> </div> <!-- BEGIN .content --> <div class="content"> <!-- BEGIN .wrapper --> <div class="wrapper"> <!-- BEGIN .main-content-left --> <div class="main-content-left"> <div class="social-icons-float"> <span class="soc-header">Share</span> <span class="social-icon"> <span class="social-count"><span class="count">0</span><span class="social-arrow">&nbsp;</span></span> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://statutes.laws.com/test/" data-url="https://statutes.laws.com/test/" class="social-button ot-share" style="background:#495fbd;"><i class="fa fa-facebook"></i><font>Share</font></a> </span> <span class="social-icon"> <span class="social-count"><span class="count">0</span><span class="social-arrow">&nbsp;</span></span> <a href="#" data-hashtags="" data-url="https://statutes.laws.com/test/" data-via="" data-text="State Codes and Statutes" class="social-button ot-tweet" style="background:#43bedd;"><i class="fa fa-twitter"></i><font>Tweet</font></a> </span> <span class="social-icon"> <span class="social-count">0<span class="social-arrow">&nbsp;</span></span> <a href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https://statutes.laws.com/test/" class="social-button ot-pluss" style="background:#df6149;"><i class="fa fa-google-plus"></i><font>+1</font></a> </span> <span class="social-icon"> <span class="social-count"><span class="count">0</span><span class="social-arrow">&nbsp;</span></span> <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://statutes.laws.com/test/&title=State Codes and Statutes" class="social-button ot-link" style="background:#264c84;" data-url="https://statutes.laws.com/test/"><i class="fa fa-linkedin"></i><font>Share</font></a> </span> </div> <!-- 27.04.15 - BEGIN box search --> <!-- Adding the ads for legal-forms - Peter - 27-4-2015 --> <!-- End Adding the ads for legal-forms - Peter - 27-4-2015 --> <!-- 27.04.15 - END box search --> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="content-article-title"> <h2>State Codes and Statutes</h2> <div class="right-title-side"> <br/> <a href="https://statutes.laws.com"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>Back To Homepage</a> </div> </div> <div class="main-article-content"> <!-- BEGIN .shortcode-content --> <div class="shortcode-content"> <h2>State Codes and Statutes</h2> <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/'>Statutes</a> > <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota'>North-dakota</a> > <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota/t43'>T43</a> > <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota/t43/t43c07'>T43c07</a><br><br><a href="https://law.justia.com/codes/north-dakota/2009/t43/pdf/t43c07.pdf">Download pdf</a><br><div id="embed_document" style="width:625px; height:815px; text-align:center;">Loading PDF...</div><script type="text/javascript"> var pdf_url = 'https://law.justia.com/codes/north-dakota/2009/t43/pdf/t43c07.pdf'; $(document).ready(function() { var embedwindow = $("#embed_document"); if ($.browser.msie){ embedwindow.html('<embed src="'+pdf_url+'" width="100%" height="100%"></embed>'); } else { embedwindow.html('<iframe style="width:100%; height:100%;" src="https://docs.google.com/gview?url='+window.escape(pdf_url)+'&embedded=true" frameborder="0"></iframe>'); } });</script><br><br><noframes>CHAPTER 43-07CONTRACTORS43-07-01. Definitions. In this chapter, unless the context or subject matter otherwiserequires:1.&quot;Contractor&quot; means any person engaged in the business of construction, repair,<br>alteration, dismantling, or demolition of bridges, highways, roads, streets, buildings,<br>airports, dams, drainage or irrigation ditches, sewers, water or gas mains, water<br>filters, tanks, towers, oil, gas, or water pipelines, and every other type of structure,<br>project, development, or improvement coming within the definition of real or personal<br>property, including the construction, alteration, or repair of property to be held either<br>for sale or rental, and shall include subcontractor, public contractor, and nonresident<br>contractor.2.&quot;Nonresident contractor&quot; means any contractor who has not an established and<br>maintained place of business within this state, or who has not made reports to North<br>Dakota workforce safety and insurance within the previous year of employees within<br>this state, and who has not made contributions to the North Dakota workforce safety<br>and insurance fund accordingly, or who, during a like period has not made an<br>income tax return in this state.3.&quot;Person&quot; includes any individual, firm, copartnership, association, corporation,<br>limited liability company, or other group or combination thereof acting as a unit, and<br>the plural as well as the singular number, unless the intent to give a more limited<br>meaning is disclosed clearly by the context thereof.4.&quot;Public contract&quot; means a contract with the state of North Dakota or any board,<br>commission, or department thereof, or with any board of county commissioners, or<br>with any city council or board of city commissioners, board of township supervisors,<br>school board, or with any state or municipal agency, or with any other public board,<br>body, commission, or agency authorized to let or award contracts for the<br>construction or reconstruction of public work when the contract cost, value, or price<br>exceeds the sum of two thousand dollars and includes subcontracts undertaken to<br>perform work covered by the original contract or any part thereof when the contract<br>cost, value, or price of the work included in such subcontract exceeds the sum of<br>two thousand dollars.5.&quot;Registrar&quot; means the secretary of state of the state of North Dakota.43-07-02. License required. A person may not engage in the business nor act in thecapacity of a contractor within this state when the cost, value, or price per job exceeds the sum of<br>two thousand dollars nor may that person maintain any claim, action, suit, or proceeding in any<br>court of this state related to the person's business or capacity as a contractor without first having<br>a license as provided in this chapter.43-07-03. Registrar designated. The secretary of state as registrar has authority toemploy such assistance and procure such records, supplies, and equipment as may be<br>necessary to carry out the provisions of this chapter.43-07-04. License - How obtained - Failure to grant - Revocation.1.To obtain a license under this chapter, an applicant who is eighteen years of age or<br>older shall submit, on forms the registrar prescribes, an application under oath<br>containing a statement of the applicant's experience and qualifications as a<br>contractor.A copy of a certificate of liability insurance must be filed with theapplication and the contractor shall submit a statement from North Dakota workforce<br>safety and insurance that the contractor has secured workforce safety and insurancePage No. 1coverage satisfactory to workforce safety and insurance. If the registrar deems it<br>appropriate or necessary, the registrar may also require any other information to<br>assist the registrar in determining the applicant's fitness to act in the capacity of a<br>contractor, including, at the expense of the applicant, criminal history record<br>information of the applicant or the officers, members, or partners of the applicant<br>which is held or maintained by the bureau of criminal investigation or a similar entity<br>in another state. The application must contain a statement that the applicant desires<br>the issuance of a license under this chapter and must specify the class of license<br>sought.2.The registrar may refuse to grant a license if the registrar determines the application<br>contains false, misleading, or incomplete information; the applicant fails or refuses to<br>authorize or pay for criminal history information requested by the registrar; or as<br>otherwise provided in sections 12.1-33-02.1 and 43-07-04.1.The registrar shallnotify the applicant in writing if the registrar does not grant the license and shall<br>provide the applicant an opportunity to respond to or cure the defect in the<br>application for a period of ten days from the date of the written notification. An<br>applicant aggrieved by a decision of the registrar not to grant the license may appeal<br>the decision to the district court of the applicant's county of residence or Burleigh<br>County.3.No sooner than twenty days after sending written notice to a contractor at the<br>contractor's last-known address, the registrar shall classify as not in good standing<br>the license of any contractor who fails to:a.Maintain liability insurance coverage required by this section or by section<br>43-07-10;b.File, renew, or properly amend any fictitious name certificate required by<br>chapter 45-11;c.Maintain an active status of a corporation or registration as a foreign<br>corporation;d.Maintain an active status of a limited liability company or registration as a<br>foreign limited liability company;e.File or renew a trade name registration as required by chapter 47-25;f.Maintain a limited liability partnership registration or foreign limited liability<br>partnership registration as required by chapter 45-22; org.Maintain a limited partnership certificate of limited partnership or foreign limited<br>partnership certificate of authority.4.Any contractor who has been notified by the registrar that the contractor's license is<br>not in good standing shall cease soliciting or entering new contract projects. If the<br>contractor fails to correct the deficiency specified in the notice by evidence<br>satisfactory to the registrar within thirty days of the date of the notice or if the<br>contractor solicits or enters new contract projects while the contractor's license is not<br>in good standing, the registrar shall use the procedures of chapter 28-32 to revoke<br>the license of the contractor.43-07-04.1. Conviction not bar to licensure - Exceptions. Conviction of an offensedoes not disqualify a person from licensure under this chapter unless the secretary of state<br>determines that the offense has a direct bearing upon a person's ability to serve the public as a<br>contractor or that, following conviction of any offense, the person is not sufficiently rehabilitated<br>under section 12.1-33-02.1.Page No. 243-07-05. Classes of licenses. Four classes of licenses must be issued under thischapter, which must be designated as class A, B, C, and D licenses.The holders of suchlicenses are entitled to engage in the contracting business within this state subject to the<br>following limitations:1.The holder of a class A license is subject to no limitation as to the value of any single<br>contract project.2.The holder of a class B license is not entitled to engage in the construction of any<br>single contract project of a value in excess of two hundred fifty thousand dollars.3.The holder of a class C license is not entitled to engage in the construction of any<br>single contract project of a value in excess of one hundred twenty thousand dollars.4.The holder of a class D license is not entitled to engage in the construction of any<br>single contract project of a value in excess of fifty thousand dollars.43-07-06. Administrative and governing bodies may impose requirements. Anyadministrative body or governing body, agency, or commission having power to enter into public<br>contracts may impose reasonable requirements and conditions as conditions precedent to the<br>awarding of a contract for the construction or reconstruction of public works in addition to the<br>requirements imposed by this chapter.43-07-07. License fees. At the time of making application for a license as described andrequired in this chapter, the applicant shall pay to the registrar the following fees:1.For a class A license, the sum of three hundred dollars.2.For a class B license, the sum of two hundred dollars.3.For a class C license, the sum of one hundred fifty dollars.4.For a class D license, the sum of fifty dollars.All moneys collected by the registrar under this chapter must be deposited by the registrar with<br>the state treasurer, who shall credit them to the general fund of the state.43-07-08. Exceptions. This chapter does not apply to:1.Any authorized representative or representatives of the United States government,<br>the state of North Dakota, or any county, municipality, irrigation district, reclamation<br>district, or other political corporation.2.Any person who furnishes any fabricated or finished product, material, or article of<br>merchandise which is not incorporated into or attached to real property by such<br>person so as to become affixed thereto.43-07-09. Duty of registrar - Expiration of license. Within fifteen days from the date ofapplication, the registrar may investigate and determine each applicant's fitness to act in the<br>capacity of contractor as defined in this chapter, and no license may be issued to such applicant<br>until the registrar receives all documentation necessary to obtain a license and the appropriate<br>fee. The license issued on an original application entitles the licensee to act as a contractor<br>within this state, subject to the limitations of such license, until the expiration of the then current<br>fiscal year ending March first, except that an initial license issued to a licensee in January or<br>February is valid until March first of the subsequent year.43-07-09.1. Name changes. Not later than ten days after the date of a change in acontractor's name, the licensee must notify the registrar of the name change on a form provided<br>by the registrar. A name change must be accompanied by a ten dollar fee. A licensee may notPage No. 3change its name if the change is associated with a change in the legal status other than a<br>change in marital status. A corporation, limited liability company, limited liability partnership, or<br>limited partnership registered with the secretary of state is not subject to this section.43-07-10.Renewal of license - Grounds for nonrenewal - Time requirements -Invalidity of license for failure to renew.1.Any license issued under this chapter may be renewed for each successive fiscal<br>year by obtaining from the registrar a certificate of renewal. To obtain a certificate of<br>renewal, the licensee shall file with the registrar an application that includes a listing<br>of each project, contract, or subcontract completed by the licensee during the<br>preceding calendar year in this state over the amount of twenty-five thousand dollars<br>and the nature of the work of each project, contract, or subcontract. The registrar<br>shall within a reasonable time forward a copy of the list to the state tax<br>commissioner. The applicant shall include with the application a copy of a certificate<br>of liability insurance unless the registrar has a current valid certificate of insurance<br>on file, and a certification that the applicant has submitted all payroll taxes, including<br>North Dakota income tax, workforce safety and insurance premiums, and<br>unemployment insurance premiums due at the time of renewal, which documents<br>need not be notarized.2.The registrar may refuse to renew a license if the registrar determines the<br>application contains false, misleading, or incomplete information or if the contractor's<br>license is not in good standing for any of the reasons listed in subsection 3 of section<br>43-07-04. The registrar shall notify the applicant in writing if the registrar does not<br>grant the license and shall provide the applicant an opportunity to respond to or cure<br>the defect in the application for a period of ten days from the date of the written<br>notification. An applicant aggrieved by a decision of the registrar not to grant the<br>license may appeal the decision to the district court of the applicant's county of<br>residence or Burleigh County.3.The application for a certificate of renewal must be made to the registrar on or<br>before the first day of March of each year. At the time of filing the application for a<br>certificate of renewal, the applicant shall pay to the registrar a renewal fee equal to<br>twenty percent of the license fee established in section 43-07-07. If any contractor<br>applies for a renewal under a class different from the license previously issued, the<br>new class license may be issued upon the payment of the fee required for the<br>issuance of the license of the class applied for. If any contractor fails to file an<br>application for a certificate of renewal by the March first deadline, the contractor's<br>license is not in good standing and the contractor must be deemed to be unlicensed<br>within the meaning of sections 43-07-02 and 43-07-18.Within sixty days afterMarch first, the contractor must be notified by mail that the contractor's license is not<br>in good standing.The contractor then has until June first to renew by paying apenalty fee of seventy-five percent of the renewal fee, filing an application for a<br>certificate of renewal, and paying the renewal fee. A contractor who applies for a<br>certificate of renewal before or within ninety days of the filing deadline is not subject<br>to the investigation authorized in section 43-07-09. After the June first deadline any<br>licenses not renewed are revoked. Any application for a certificate of renewal must<br>be fully completed within sixty days of the date the application is received by the<br>registrar or the registrar shall return the application to the contractor who then is<br>subject to section 43-07-09. The registrar may destroy all renewals provided for in<br>this section after they have been on file for six years.43-07-11. Contractor's bond - Requirements. Repealed by S.L. 1995, ch. 397, <!-- END .shortcode-content --> </div> </div> <!-- END .main-content-left --> </div> <!-- BEGIN .main-content-right --> <div class="main-content-right"> <!-- BEGIN .main-nosplit --> <div class="main-nosplit"> <!--<div class="widget-0 first panel"> <h3>Advertising</h3> <script type="text/javascript"> /* var rkbspt = document.createElement('script'); rkbspt.type = 'text/javascript'; rkbspt.src = 'https://c.amazon-adsystem.com/aax2/getads.js'; var rkbscpt = document.querySelector('.widget-0.panel').appendChild(rkbspt); rkbscpt.onload = function(){ aax_getad_mpb({ "slot_uuid":"557c365d-8984-4710-a63b-62d1baabc10e" }); }; */ </script> <script id="mNCC" language="javascript"> medianet_width = "336"; medianet_height = "280"; medianet_crid = "436333511"; medianet_versionId = "3111299"; </script> <script src="//contextual.media.net/nmedianet.js?cid=8CUC4DD64"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var e9 = new Object(); e9.size = "300x250"; e9.noAd = 1; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//tags.expo9.exponential.com/tags/Lawscom/BTF/tags.js"></script> </div>--> <div class="widget_text widget-1 first panel"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><script type="text/javascript"><!-- e9 = new Object(); e9.size = "300x250,300x600"; e9.noAd = 1; //--></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//tags.expo9.exponential.com/tags/Lawscom/ROS/tags.js"></script></div></div><div class="widget-2 panel"><div class="menu-top-menu-container"><ul id="menu-top-menu-1" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-154" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-154 custom-class-1"><a href="https://www.laws.com/">Laws</a></li> <li id="menu-item-155" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-155 custom-class-2"><a href="https://lawyer.laws.com/">Lawyers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-156" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-156 custom-class-3"><a href="https://find.laws.com/">Find Laws</a></li> <li id="menu-item-157" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-157 custom-class-4"><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/">Legal Forms</a></li> <li id="menu-item-158" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-158 custom-class-5"><a href="https://state-laws.laws.com/">State Laws</a></li> </ul></div></div><div class="widget_text widget-3 panel"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><script type="text/javascript"><!-- e9 = new Object(); e9.size = "300x250,300x600"; e9.noAd = 1; //--></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//tags.expo9.exponential.com/tags/Lawscom/ROS/tags.js"></script></div></div><div class="widget_text widget-4 last panel"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><script type="text/javascript"><!-- e9 = new Object(); e9.size = "300x250,300x600"; e9.noAd = 1; //--></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//tags.expo9.exponential.com/tags/Lawscom/ROS/tags.js"></script></div></div> <!-- END .main-nosplit --> </div> <!-- END .main-content-right --> </div> <div class="clear-float"></div> <!-- END .wrapper --> </div> <!-- BEGIN .content --> </div> <!-- BEGIN .footer --> <div class="footer"> <!-- BEGIN .wrapper --> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="banner-block"> <!-- <a href="http://www.orange-themes.com" target="_blank"><img src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/images/banner-468x60.jpg" alt="" title="" /></a>--> </div> <!-- Disable breaking news slider - Peter - 7 Apr 2015 --> <!-- BEGIN .footer-content --> <div class="footer-content"> <div class="footer-menu"> <ul class="load-responsive" rel="Footer Menu"><li id="menu-item-148" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-148 custom-class-1"><a href="https://www.laws.com/">Laws</a></li> <li id="menu-item-149" class="menu_red menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-149 custom-class-2"><a href="https://lawyer.laws.com/">Lawyers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-150" class="menu_green menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-150 custom-class-3"><a href="https://find.laws.com/">Find Laws</a></li> <li id="menu-item-152" class="menu_boldred menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-152 custom-class-4"><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/">Legal Forms</a></li> <li id="menu-item-151" class="menu_blue menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-151 custom-class-5"><a href="https://state-laws.laws.com/">State Laws</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="left"> <ul> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/alabama-forms">Alabama Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/alaska-forms">Alaska Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/arizona-forms">Arizona Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/arkansas-forms">Arkansas Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/california-forms">California Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/colorado-forms">Colorado Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/connecticut-forms">Connecticut Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/district-of-columbia-forms">District Of Columbia Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/delaware-forms">Delaware Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/florida-forms">Florida Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/georgia-forms">Georgia Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/idaho-forms">Idaho Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/hawaii-forms">Hawaii Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/illinois-forms">Illinois Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/indiana-forms">Indiana Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/iowa-forms">Iowa Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/kansas-forms">Kansas Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/kentucky-forms">Kentucky Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/louisiana-forms">Louisiana Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/maine-forms">Maine Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/maryland-forms">Maryland Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/massachusetts-forms">Massachusetts Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/michigan-forms">Michigan Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/minnesota-forms">Minnesota Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/mississippi-forms">Mississippi Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/missouri-forms">Missouri Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/montana-forms">Montana Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/nebraska-forms">Nebraska Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/nevada-forms">Nevada Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/new-hampshire-forms">New Hampshire Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/new-jersey-forms">New Jersey Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/new-mexico-forms">New Mexico Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/new-york-forms">New York Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/north-carolina-forms">North Carolina Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/north-dakota-forms">North Dakota Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/ohio-forms">Ohio Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/oklahoma-forms">Oklahoma Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/oregon-forms">Oregon Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/pennsylvania-forms">Pennsylvania Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/rhode-island-forms">Rhode Island Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/south-carolina-forms">South Carolina Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/south-dakota-forms">South Dakota Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/tennessee-forms">Tennessee Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/texas-forms">Texas Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/utah-forms">Utah Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/vermont-forms">Vermont Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/virginia-forms">Virginia Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/washington-forms">Washington Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/west-virginia-forms">West Virginia Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/wisconsin-forms">Wisconsin Forms</a></li> <li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/wyoming-forms">Wyoming Forms</a></li> </ul> <div> <ul> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/alabama">Alabama Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/alaska">Alaska Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/arizona">Arizona Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/arkansas">Arkansas Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/california">California Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/connecticut">Connecticut Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/delaware">Delaware Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/district-of-columbia">District of Columbia Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/florida">Florida Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/georgia">Georgia Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/hawaii">Hawaii Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/idaho">Idaho Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/illinois">Illinois Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/indiana">Indiana Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/iowa">Iowa Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/kansas">Kansas Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/kentucky">Kentucky Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/louisiana">Louisiana Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/maine">Maine Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/maryland">Maryland Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/massachusetts">Massachusetts Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/michigan">Michigan Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/minnesota">Minnesota Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/mississippi">Mississippi Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/missouri">Missouri Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/montana">Montana Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/nebraska">Nebraska Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/nevada">Nevada Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/new-hampshire">New Hampshire Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/new-jersey">New Jersey Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/new-mexico">New Mexico Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/new-york">New York Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/north-carolina">North Carolina Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota">North Dakota Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/ohio">Ohio Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/oklahoma">Oklahoma Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/oregon">Oregon Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/pennsylvania">Pennsylvania Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/rhode-island">Rhode Island Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/south-carolina">South Carolina Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/south-dakota">South Dakota Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/tennessee">Tennessee Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/texas">Texas Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/utah">Utah Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/vermont">Vermont Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/washington">Washington Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/west-virginia">West Virginia Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/wisconsin">Wisconsin Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> <li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/wyoming">Wyoming Codes &amp; Statutes</a></li> </ul> </div> <div> </div> </center><br> <div class="footer-menu"> <ul class="load-responsive" rel="Footer Menu"><li id="menu-item-34164" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34164"><a href="https://www.laws.com/category/about">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-34165" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34165"><a href="https://marketing.laws.com">Lawyer Marketing</a></li> <li id="menu-item-34166" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34166"><a href="https://advertising.laws.com/">Advertise on Laws.com</a></li> <li id="menu-item-34167" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34167"><a href="https://www.laws.com/category/AboutUs">About Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-34168" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34168"><a href="https://www.laws.com/category/TermsOfUse">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="menu-item-34169" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34169"><a href="https://www.laws.com/category/PrivacyPolicy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-34170" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34170"><a href="https://www.laws.com/category/AdvertisingPolicy">Advertising Policy</a></li> </ul> </div> <strong>Disclaimer</strong> <br>There is no confidential attorney-client relationship formed by using Laws.com website and information provided on this site is not legal advice. For legal advice, please contact your attorney. Attorneys listed on this website are not referred or endorsed by this website. By using Laws.com you agree to Laws.com Terms Of Use.<br> Copyright © 2017 Laws.com | All rights reserved </div> <!--<div class="right">Designed by <a href="https://laws.com" target="_blank">Laws.com</a></div>--> <div class="clear-float"></div> <!-- END .footer-content --> </div> <!-- END .wrapper --> </div> <!-- END .footer --> </div> <!-- END .boxed --> </div> <div class="lightbox"> <div class="lightcontent-loading"> <h2 class="light-title">Loading..</h2> <a href="#" onclick="javascript:lightboxclose();" class="light-close"><i class="fa fa-times"></i>Close Window</a> <div class="loading-box"> <h3>Loading, Please Wait!</h3> <span>This may take a second or two.</span> <span class="loading-image"><img src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/images/loading.gif" title="" alt="" /></span> </div> </div> <div class="lightcontent"></div> </div> <script> window.RS_MODULES = window.RS_MODULES || {}; window.RS_MODULES.modules = window.RS_MODULES.modules || {}; window.RS_MODULES.waiting = window.RS_MODULES.waiting || []; window.RS_MODULES.defered = true; window.RS_MODULES.moduleWaiting = window.RS_MODULES.moduleWaiting || {}; window.RS_MODULES.type = 'compiled'; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var relevanssi_rt_regex = /(&|\?)_(rt|rt_nonce)=(\w+)/g var newUrl = window.location.search.replace(relevanssi_rt_regex, '') history.replaceState(null, null, window.location.pathname + newUrl + window.location.hash) </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='rs-plugin-settings-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/css/rs6.css?ver=6.6.11' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='rs-plugin-settings-inline-css' type='text/css'> #rs-demo-id {} </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/swv/js/index.js?ver=5.9.3" id="swv-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="contact-form-7-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7 = {"api":{"root":"https:\/\/statutes.laws.com\/wp-json\/","namespace":"contact-form-7\/v1"},"cached":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/js/index.js?ver=5.9.3" id="contact-form-7-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpil-frontend-script-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpilFrontend = {"ajaxUrl":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","postId":"19","postType":"post","openInternalInNewTab":"1","openExternalInNewTab":"1","disableClicks":"0","openLinksWithJS":"0","trackAllElementClicks":"0","clicksI18n":{"imageNoText":"Image in link: No Text","imageText":"Image Title: ","noText":"No Anchor Text Found"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/link-whisper-premium/js/frontend.min.js?ver=1708797351" id="wpil-frontend-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/rbtools.min.js?ver=6.6.11" defer async id="tp-tools-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/rs6.min.js?ver=6.6.11" defer async id="revmin-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/effect.min.js?ver=1.13.2" id="jquery-effects-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/effect-slide.min.js?ver=1.13.2" id="jquery-effects-slide-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/admin/jquery.c00kie.js?ver=1.0" id="cookies-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/jquery.floating_popup.1.3.min.js?ver=1.0" id="banner-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/theme-scripts.js?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7" id="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/-scripts-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/jquery.event.move.js?ver=1.3.1" id="move-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/jquery.event.swipe.js?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7" id="swipe-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/js_composer/assets/lib/bower/isotope/dist/isotope.pkgd.min.js?ver=7.5" id="isotope-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/js/imagesloaded.min.js?ver=5.0.0" id="imagesloaded-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/js/masonry.min.js?ver=4.2.2" id="masonry-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/jquery.infinitescroll.min.js?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7" id="infinitescroll-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/lightbox.js?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7" id="lightbox-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/iscroll.js?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7" id="iscroll-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/ot_gallery.js?ver=1.0" id="ot-gallery-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/scripts.js?ver=1.0" id="ot-scripts-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/legatus.js?ver=1.0.0" id="scripts-wp-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="toc-front-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var tocplus = {"visibility_show":"show","visibility_hide":"hide","width":"Auto"}; var tocplus = {"visibility_show":"show","visibility_hide":"hide","width":"Auto"}; var tocplus = {"visibility_show":"show","visibility_hide":"hide","width":"Auto"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/table-of-contents-plus/front.min.js?ver=2309" id="toc-front-js"></script> <script></script> <!-- END body --> </body> <!-- END html --> </html>