State Codes and Statutes
Statutes > North-dakota > T15 > T15c55
Download pdf
Loading PDF...
<![CDATA[CHAPTER 15-55CONSTRUCTION OF REVENUE-PRODUCING BUILDINGS15-55-01.Portions of campuses set aside for authorized revenue-producingbuildings or other revenue-producing campus improvements. Subject to and in accordance<br>with the terms of this chapter, the state board of higher education, for and on behalf of the<br>institutions under its supervision and control, from time to time, may set aside such portions of<br>the respective campuses of said institutions as may be necessary and suitable for the<br>construction thereon of such revenue-producing buildings or other revenue-producing campus<br>improvements as, from time to time, may be authorized by the legislative assembly, and<br>including additions to existing buildings or other campus improvements used for such purposes,<br>and may construct such campus improvements and buildings or additions thereon and may<br>equip, furnish, maintain, and operate such buildings and other campus improvements.15-55-02. Board may borrow money and issue bonds - Conditions - Bonds tax free.For the purpose of paying all or part of, but not to exceed, the cost of construction, equipment,<br>and furnishing of any such buildings or any addition to existing buildings, or other campus<br>improvements, or in order to refund any outstanding bonds or interim financing issued for such<br>purpose, the state board of higher education may borrow money on the credit of the income and<br>revenue to be derived from the operation of the said building or buildings or other campus<br>improvements, and, in anticipation of such collections of such income and revenues, may issue<br>negotiable bonds in such an amount as, in the opinion of the board, may be necessary for such<br>purposes, all within the limits of the authority granted by the legislative assembly in each<br>instance, and may provide for the payment of such bonds and the rights of the holders thereof as<br>provided in this chapter. The bonds may bear such date or dates; mature at such time or times<br>not exceeding fifty years from their date; be in such denomination or denominations; be in such<br>form, either coupon or registered; carry such registration and conversion privileges; be executed<br>in such manner; be payable in such medium of payment at such place or places; be subject to<br>such terms of redemption with or without premium; bear such rate or rates of interest; and be<br>subject to such other terms or conditions as may be provided by resolution or resolutions to be<br>adopted by the board. The bonds may be sold in such manner and at such price or prices as<br>may be considered by the board to be advisable. The average net interest cost to maturity for<br>any bond issues sold at private sale may not exceed twelve percent per annum. There is no<br>interest rate ceiling on those issues sold at public sale or to the state of North Dakota or any of its<br>agencies or instrumentalities. Any grants agreed to be made by the United States of America or<br>any agency or instrumentality thereof to reduce the interest cost of bonds, whether or not<br>pledged to the payment of the bonds or interest thereon as part of the income and revenue to be<br>derived from the operation of the buildings or improvements pledged to the payment of the issue,<br>must be considered as a reduction in the interest costs of the bonds with respect to which the<br>grant is made, for purposes of the rate limitations on interest costs provided herein. The bonds<br>have all of the qualities and incidents of negotiable paper and are not subject to taxation by the<br>state of North Dakota, or by any county, municipality, or political subdivision therein. The board,<br>in its discretion, may authorize one issue of bonds hereunder for the construction, furnishing, and<br>equipment of more than one building or other campus improvement and may make the bonds<br>payable from the combined revenues of all buildings or other campus improvements acquired in<br>whole or in part with the proceeds thereof, and when bonds are so issued, the words "the<br>building", as herein used, refers to all the buildings or other campus improvements so acquired.15-55-02.1. Refunding bonds. Bonds may be refunded, but no bonds may be refundedunder this chapter unless the bonds either mature or are callable for prior redemption under their<br>terms within thirty years from the date of issuance of the refunding bonds, or unless the holder or<br>holders of the bonds voluntarily surrender them for exchange or payment. Outstanding bonds of<br>more than one issue or series and bonds for refunding and other bonds to construct, furnish, or<br>equip any building or addition or other campus improvement for which bonds are authorized may<br>be combined into one issue or series and may provide for and restrict the combination of future<br>series with the issue. Except as otherwise provided in this section, the bonds must have such<br>details and must be authorized and issued in the manner provided in this chapter. Refunding<br>bonds so issued may carry forward for the payment of the refunding bonds such security andPage No. 1sources of payment as were pledged to the payment of the bonds refunded, and a combined<br>issue of refunding and other bonds may combine such security and sources of payment with a<br>pledge of the revenues of buildings or other campus improvements acquired in whole or in part<br>from the proceeds of the issue, including the security and sources of payment of any future<br>series of refunding bonds or revenues of any building or other campus improvement acquired<br>from the proceeds of a future series if and to the extent that provision is made for combination of<br>future series with the issue. The word "building" as used in this section means all the buildings or<br>other campus improvements the revenues of which are pledged. Any bonds issued for refunding<br>purposes may be delivered in exchange for the outstanding bonds authorized to be refunded,<br>sold at either public or private sale, or sold in part and exchanged in part. There is no interest<br>rate ceiling on those issues issued solely for refunding purposes. The sale price may exceed the<br>principal amount of refunding bonds and the excess may be used to provide for payment of<br>redemption premiums of the bonds to be refunded and to provide for expenses of the issuance<br>and sale of the bonds and the retirement of the outstanding bonds. All other proceeds of the sale<br>must be, to the extent needed, immediately applied to the retirement of the bonds to be refunded,<br>or the proceeds or investments thereof must be placed in escrow to be held and applied to the<br>payment of the bonds to be refunded, or in the case of crossover refunding, must be invested in<br>securities irrevocably appropriated to the payment of principal and interest on the refunding<br>bonds until the date the proceeds are applied to the payment or redemption of the bonds to be<br>refunded.The proceeds may, in the discretion or pursuant to covenant of the board, be invested inobligations of the United States of America, or in obligations fully guaranteed by the United<br>States of America, but the obligations so purchased must have such maturities and bear such<br>rates of interest payable at such times as will assure the existence of money sufficient to pay the<br>bonds to be refunded when due or when redeemed pursuant to call for redemption, together with<br>any interest and redemption premiums.The proceeds or obligations so purchased must bedeposited in trust with the trustee for the refunded bonds, or with the banking corporation,<br>association, or limited liability company which is the paying agent for the refunded bonds, or with<br>the state treasurer, to be held, liquidated, and the proceeds of such liquidation paid out for the<br>payment of the bonds to be refunded and interest and redemption premiums thereon as the<br>refunded bonds become due or subject to redemption under call for redemption previously made,<br>or upon earlier voluntary surrender thereof with the consent of the board. The determination of<br>the board in issuing refunding bonds that the issuance and sale of refunding bonds is necessary<br>for the best interests of the institution and that the limitations herein imposed upon the issuance<br>of refunding bonds have been met is conclusive in the absence of fraud or arbitrary and gross<br>abuse of discretion.15-55-03. Bonds are special obligations and board may insert special provisions inbonds. The bonds issued under the provisions of this chapter may not be an indebtedness of<br>the state of North Dakota nor of the institution for which they are issued nor of the state board of<br>higher education thereof, nor of the individual members, officers or agents thereof nor may any<br>building or other campus improvement or the land upon which it is situated, or any part thereof<br>be security for or be levied upon or sold for the payment of said bonds, but the said bonds must<br>be special obligations payable solely from the revenues to be derived from the operation of the<br>building or other campus improvement, and the board is authorized and directed to pledge all or<br>any part of such revenues to the payment of principal and interest on the bonds. In order to<br>secure the prompt payment of such principal and interest and the proper application of the<br>revenues pledged thereto, the board is authorized by appropriate provisions in the resolution or<br>resolutions authorizing the bonds:1.To covenant as to the use and disposition of the proceeds of the sale of such bonds;2.To covenant as to the operation of the building or other campus improvement and<br>the collection and disposition of the revenues derived from such operation;3.To covenant as to the rights, liabilities, powers, and duties arising from the breach of<br>any covenant or agreement into which it may enter in authorizing and issuing the<br>bonds;Page No. 24.To covenant and agree to carry such insurance on the building or other campus<br>improvement, and the use and occupancy thereof as may be considered desirable<br>and, in its discretion, to provide that the cost of such insurance shall be considered<br>as part of the expense of operating the building or other campus improvement;5.To vest in a trustee or trustees for the bondholders the right to receive all or any part<br>of the income and revenues pledged and assigned to or for the benefit of the holder<br>or holders of bonds issued hereunder and to hold, apply, and dispose of the same,<br>and the right to enforce any covenant made to secure the bonds and to execute and<br>deliver a trust agreement or agreements which may set forth the powers and duties<br>and the remedies available to such trustee or trustees and may limit the liabilities<br>thereof and prescribe the terms and conditions upon which such trustee or trustees<br>or the holder or holders of the bonds in any specified amount or percentage may<br>exercise such rights and enforce any or all such covenants and resort to such<br>remedies as may be appropriate;6.To fix rents, charges, and fees to be imposed in connection with and for the use of<br>the building or other campus improvement and the facilities supplied thereby, which<br>rents, charges, and fees shall be considered to be income and revenues derived<br>from the operation of the building or campus improvement, and are hereby expressly<br>required to be fully sufficient to assure the prompt payment of principal and interest<br>on the bonds as each becomes due, and to make and enforce such rules and<br>regulations with reference to the use of the building or campus improvement, and<br>with reference to requiring any class or classes of students to use the buildings or<br>other campus improvements as it may deem desirable for the welfare of the<br>institutions and its students or for the accomplishments of the purposes of this<br>chapter;7.To covenant to maintain a maximum percentage of occupancy of the building or<br>other campus improvement;8.To covenant against the issuance of any other obligations payable from the<br>revenues to be derived from the building or other campus improvement; and9.To make covenants other than and in addition to those herein expressly mentioned<br>of such character as may be considered necessary or advisable to affect the<br>purposes of this chapter.All such agreements and covenants entered into by the board are enforceable by appropriate<br>action or suit at law or in equity, which may be brought by any holder or holders of bonds issued<br>hereunder.15-55-04. Board may enter into contract with federal agencies. The board may enterinto any agreements or contracts with the United States of America or any agency or<br>instrumentality thereof which it may consider advisable or necessary in order to obtain a grant of<br>funds or other aid to be used in connection with the proceeds of the bonds in paying the cost of<br>the construction, furnishing, and equipment of the building or other campus improvement.15-55-04.1.Lease of revenue-producing buildings.The state board of highereducation may, at such times as it deems necessary, enter into agreements with other persons,<br>including any federal or state agency, for the lease of revenue-producing buildings, constructed<br>or purchased under the provisions of this chapter, upon such terms and conditions as the board<br>deems proper. However, any such lease entered into pursuant to this section must be limited to<br>a maximum term of ten years.15-55-05. Deposit and use of proceeds of bonds - Authorizing issuing of warrants -Contracts. The proceeds from the sale of the bonds herein authorized must be deposited to the<br>credit of the board and kept in a separate fund in the state treasury, in the Bank of North Dakota<br>or in a bank which is a duly designated depository for state funds and is a member of the federalPage No. 3deposit insurance corporation. Provided, that when such funds are deposited in a bank other<br>than the Bank of North Dakota or a bank which is not a duly designated depository for state<br>funds, such bank must be required to pledge, as security for such deposit, securities in an<br>amount equal to the sum by which such deposit exceeds the amount of federal deposit insurance<br>corporation insurance. Securities which are eligible for such pledge are notes or bonds issued by<br>the United States government, its agencies or instrumentalities, all bonds and notes guaranteed<br>by the United States government, federal land bank bonds, or bonds issued by any state of the<br>United States. In lieu of the deposit of such securities, a surety bond may be accepted from the<br>bank designated as a depository in a sum equal to the amount of funds such bank may receive in<br>excess of the amount guaranteed by the federal deposit insurance corporation. Such proceeds<br>must be used solely for the purpose for which the bonds are authorized except that the board<br>may invest such funds in direct obligations of, or obligations the principal of and interest on which<br>are guaranteed by, the United States of America, or obligations of the state of North Dakota or of<br>any municipality as defined in section 21-03-01 prior to or during building or other campus<br>improvement construction except to the extent such investment is prohibited or restricted by any<br>covenant made with or for the benefit of bondholders. The board is authorized to make all<br>contracts and to cause the execution of all instruments which in its discretion may be deemed<br>necessary or advisable to provide for the construction, furnishing, and equipment of the building<br>or other campus improvement or for the sale of the bonds or for interim financing deemed<br>necessary or advisable pending the sale of the bonds and pledging the proceeds of the bonds.15-55-05.1. Interim financing. The board may provide for interim financing pendingcompletion of revenue-producing projects at state institutions of higher learning and financing the<br>cost thereof and may authorize the issuance and sale of special interim warrants for that<br>essential governmental purpose, such warrants to be paid with interest from:1.The proceeds of definitive bonds issued in accordance with this chapter;2.Warrants issued to refund outstanding warrants; or3.The combined net revenues to be derived from the operation of buildings and<br>campus improvements for which bonds are outstanding with which the definitive<br>bonds to be issued for such project will be on a parity.The board shall arrange for the proper preparation and sale of the warrants and shallissue the warrants in an aggregate principal amount not exceeding the sum of bonds authorized<br>and necessary to finance completion of the project. Interim warrants are subject to call and<br>prepayment on thirty days' prior written notice to the place of payment at par and accrued interest<br>to date of prepayment at the option of the board; must mature not more than three years from<br>their date; and may bear such rate or rates of interest as the board may provide, not exceeding<br>an average net interest cost of twelve percent per annum on issues sold at private sale. There is<br>no interest rate ceiling on warrant issues sold at public sale or to the state of North Dakota or any<br>of its agencies or instrumentalities. Interim warrants may be sold on the basis of ninety-five<br>percent of par plus accrued interest to date of delivery. All warrants for a particular project must<br>mature within three years from the date of issuing the first warrants for the project. If warrants<br>are issued to refund warrants, the refunded warrants must be paid and canceled upon the<br>issuance of the refunding warrants, or the proceeds at the sale of the refunding warrants,<br>excepting the accrued interest received, must be used to purchase direct obligations of the<br>United States of America. Such obligations must mature at such time or times, with interest<br>thereon or the proceeds received therefrom, to provide funds adequate to pay, when due or<br>called for redemption prior to maturity, the warrants to be refunded together with the interest<br>accrued thereon and any redemption premium due thereon. Such proceeds or obligations of the<br>United States of America must, with all other funds legally available for such purpose, be<br>deposited in escrow with a banking corporation or national banking association located in and<br>doing business in the state of North Dakota, with power to accept and execute trusts, or any<br>successor thereto, which is also a member of the federal deposit insurance corporation and of<br>the federal reserve system. The proceeds or obligations are to be held in an irrevocable trust<br>solely for and until the payment and redemption of the warrant to be refunded. Any balance<br>remaining in escrow after the payment and retirement of the warrants to be refunded must bePage No. 4returned to the board to be used and held for use as revenues pledged for the payment of the<br>definitive bonds. Interim warrants have all of the qualities and incidents of negotiable paper and<br>are not subject to taxation by the state of North Dakota or by any county, municipality, or political<br>subdivision therein. Interim warrants are eligible for investment of funds the same as definitive<br>bonds are or would be eligible for investment under section 15-55-08.Such warrants may not constitute a general obligation indebtedness of the state of NorthDakota nor of the institution for which they are issued nor of the state board of higher education<br>nor of the individual members, officers, or agents thereof; are payable solely as provided in this<br>section; and the warrants issued and sold must so state.15-55-06.Designations of agent and depositories - Disposition and use ofrevenues - Funds created. All income and revenues derived from the operation of any building<br>or other campus improvement financed or the revenues of which are pledged in the manner<br>provided in this chapter must be collected by such officer or agent of the institution where the<br>building or other campus improvement is located as the state board of higher education from<br>time to time may designate and must be accounted for by such officer or agent, deposited, and<br>remitted as in this section provided. The said board, in its resolution authorizing the bonds or in<br>the trust agreement or agreements executed and delivered by the board, shall provide for the<br>disposition of and accounting for all such revenues by such officer or agent, including the<br>designation of a depository or depositories, the payment of expenses of operation and<br>maintenance, the remittance of revenues to the paying agent designated in the bonds for<br>payment of principal of and interest on the bonds when due, and the investment and disposition<br>of revenues not immediately required for payment of expenses, principal, and interest. The<br>board may designate as a depository for such revenues and funds either the state treasury or the<br>Bank of North Dakota or the trustee under the trust agreement for the bondholders or a bank<br>which is a duly designated depository for state funds or as provided in section 15-55-05. The<br>said board may, in its resolution authorizing the bonds or in the trust agreement or agreements<br>executed and delivered by the board, provide for an expense fund to be retained by the collecting<br>officer for the purpose of paying and may direct the collecting officer to pay the accrued or<br>anticipated expenses of operation and maintenance of the building or campus improvement, and<br>if the board so directs or if such expense fund is so provided, the collecting officer may pay such<br>expenses as so directed by the board or from said fund. The funds required to be remitted to the<br>state treasurer, if any, and any funds derived from revenues pledged to the bondholders must be<br>held by the collecting officer or in the depository for such funds designated by the board in a<br>special fund or funds, to be applied solely to the payment of the principal and interest on said<br>bonds, and the establishment of a reserve for future payments until all of said bonds and interest<br>thereon have been fully paid; provided, that to the extent not prohibited or restricted by any<br>covenant made with or for the benefit of the bondholders, the board may invest any such funds in<br>direct obligations of, or obligations the principal of and interest on which are guaranteed by, the<br>United States of America, or obligations of the state of North Dakota or of any municipality as<br>defined in section 21-03-01 and may devote revenues not currently required for payment of<br>principal and interest, for the creation or maintenance of a debt service reserve, or for expenses<br>of operation and maintenance to such purposes as the board from time to time may designate,<br>including replacing the furnishings and equipment of such building or buildings or campus<br>improvements and improving said building or buildings or campus improvements.15-55-07. Endorsement of bonds - Attorney general to approve - Incontestable -Exception. All bonds issued under the provisions of this chapter must have endorsed thereon a<br>statement to the effect that the same do not constitute an obligation of the state of North Dakota,<br>the state board of higher education, nor the individual members, officers, or agents thereof, nor of<br>the institution upon the campus of which the building or campus improvement is located, and that<br>the said bonds are payable solely and only out of the revenues to be produced and received from<br>the operation of said building or campus improvement. Such bonds must be submitted to the<br>attorney general of North Dakota for examination and when such bonds have been examined<br>and certified as legal obligations by the attorney general in accordance with such requirements<br>as the attorney general may make, are incontestable in any court in this state unless suit thereon<br>is brought in a court having jurisdiction thereof within thirty days from the date of such approval.<br>Bonds so approved by the attorney general are prima facie valid and binding obligationsPage No. 5according to their terms and the only defense which may be offered thereto in any suit instituted<br>after such thirty-day period has expired is forgery, fraud, or violation of the constitution.15-55-08. Who may invest in bonds. Any bank or trust company organized under thelaws of this state may invest its capital and surplus in bonds issued under this chapter. Any state<br>board, bureau, institution, or industry having the power to invest public funds or the funds of such<br>board, bureau, institution, or industry may invest said funds in bonds issued pursuant to this<br>chapter in the same manner and under the same restrictions as are provided by law for other<br>investments. The officers having charge of any sinking fund of any county, city, town, township,<br>or school district thereof may invest the sinking fund of such county, city, town, township, or<br>school district in bonds issued under the provisions thereof. The bonds are authorized collateral<br>security for the deposit of any public funds and for the investment of trust funds.15-55-09. Construction of chapter not to permit obligating of state. Nothing in thischapter may be construed to authorize or permit the state board of higher education, or any<br>officer or agency of the state, to create any state debts, or to incur any obligations of any kind or<br>nature, except as are payable solely and only from the special funds to be created from the<br>revenues of the building or buildings or other campus improvements erected or constructed<br>under the terms and provisions of this chapter, nor may the state of North Dakota or any funds or<br>moneys of this state other than the special funds derived from the income of said building or<br>buildings or campus improvements respectively ever be deemed obligated for the payment of the<br>said bonds or any part thereof.15-55-10. Limitation on buildings and other campus improvements and issuanceof bonds. No building or other campus improvement may be erected or constructed under this<br>chapter, and no bonds may be issued for the payment of the cost of any building or other<br>campus improvement under this chapter, unless authorized by legislative act, nor may any<br>building or other campus improvement be erected at a cost exceeding the amount fixed by the<br>legislative assembly as the maximum to be expended for the building or other campus<br>improvement undertaken under this chapter. The legislative authorization may be aggregated<br>and the appropriation of the proceeds of the bonds for the construction of the buildings or<br>improvements are not subject to cancellation under section 54-44.1-11. Authorization for the<br>issuance of bonds by the legislative assembly expires four years after the effective date of the<br>authorization unless bonds have been issued for the construction of buildings or improvements in<br>the amounts so authorized or a contract for the design of the building has been signed by the<br>state board of higher education before the expiration date or the authorization specifies a<br>different expiration date. Refunding bonds may be issued by the state board of higher education<br>under this chapter without legislative act to refund, at or before the maturity of or pursuant to any<br>privilege of prepayment reserved in or granted with respect to, any bonds issued to pay the cost<br>of buildings or other campus improvements designated and authorized by legislative act.15-55-11. Issuance and sale of tax-exempt bonds authorized - Amount. Omitted.15-55-12. Bonds not a general obligation of state or its institutions. Omitted.15-55-13. Additional revenue-producing buildings authorized. Omitted.15-55-14.Rental income from unencumbered revenue-producing buildings orother campus improvements may be applied to bond retirement. The state board of higher<br>education, when issuing bonds under the provisions of this chapter and the powers herein<br>granted, has additional powers as follows:1.When the state board of higher education has issued bonds as provided in this<br>chapter for the purpose of securing funds for all or part of the cost of construction,<br>equipment, and furnishing of any new revenue-producing building or other campus<br>improvement for any of the state-supported institutions of higher learning of the state<br>of North Dakota, or for the purpose of refunding any such bonds, said board is<br>hereby authorized to cover, from time to time, into the interest and principal payment<br>fund for bonds issued, or into a fund for operation and maintenance of the building orPage No. 6other campus improvement so financed or into a fund for repair or replacement of<br>the building or other campus improvement, its equipment and furnishings, the rental<br>or income from revenue-producing buildings or other campus improvements which<br>are not encumbered or impressed with any lien and which are located upon the<br>campuses of such institutions.2.In case of destruction of such revenue-producing buildings or campus improvements<br>by fire, tornado, cyclone, or other cause, the proceeds from insurance on such<br>revenue-producing buildings or campus improvements shall be covered into the<br>bond payment fund for the payment of bonds issued under this chapter unless such<br>insurance may be and is used for the repair or replacement of the building or<br>campus improvement, its equipment and furnishings.3.Therentalincomefromsaidrevenue-producingbuildingsorotherrevenue-producing campus improvements, and the proceeds of insurance thereon<br>may be irrepealably pledged to the payment of the principal and interest of the<br>bonds issued as in this chapter provided, or to the expenses of operation and<br>maintenance or repair or replacement of the building or campus improvement, its<br>equipment and furnishings.4.The bonds issued under the provisions of this chapter may not be an indebtedness<br>or obligation of the state of North Dakota or of any of the state institutions nor of any<br>board, bureau, or officer of the state of North Dakota, but such bonds must be<br>payable solely out of income and revenue as provided in this chapter.The rental income from the revenue-producing buildings or other revenue-producing campus<br>improvements, as defined herein, of any educational institutions of higher learning of the state<br>shall be covered only into a fund for a revenue-producing building or other revenue-producing<br>campus improvement for such educational institution and not to any other institution.15-55-15. Bond issues - Amounts and purposes (1955). Omitted.15-55-16. Bond issues - Amounts and purposes (1957). Omitted.15-55-17. Bond issues - Amounts and purposes (1959). Omitted.15-55-18. School district retirement of bonds for junior colleges and off-campuseducational centers. Repealed by S.L. 1999, ch. 154, <meta property="og:url" content="https://statutes.laws.com/test/" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Statutes" />
<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2019-12-27T23:25:16+00:00" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<h2>State Codes and Statutes</h2>
<a href='https://statutes.laws.com/'>Statutes</a> > <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota'>North-dakota</a> > <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota/t15'>T15</a> > <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota/t15/t15c55'>T15c55</a><br><br><a href="https://law.justia.com/codes/north-dakota/2009/t15/pdf/t15c55.pdf">Download pdf</a><br><div id="embed_document" style="width:625px; height:815px; text-align:center;">Loading PDF...</div><script type="text/javascript"> var pdf_url = 'https://law.justia.com/codes/north-dakota/2009/t15/pdf/t15c55.pdf'; $(document).ready(function() { var embedwindow = $("#embed_document"); if ($.browser.msie){ embedwindow.html('<embed src="'+pdf_url+'" width="100%" height="100%"></embed>'); } else { embedwindow.html('<iframe style="width:100%; height:100%;" src="https://docs.google.com/gview?url='+window.escape(pdf_url)+'&embedded=true" frameborder="0"></iframe>'); } });</script><br><br><noframes>CHAPTER 15-55CONSTRUCTION OF REVENUE-PRODUCING BUILDINGS15-55-01.Portions of campuses set aside for authorized revenue-producingbuildings or other revenue-producing campus improvements. Subject to and in accordance<br>with the terms of this chapter, the state board of higher education, for and on behalf of the<br>institutions under its supervision and control, from time to time, may set aside such portions of<br>the respective campuses of said institutions as may be necessary and suitable for the<br>construction thereon of such revenue-producing buildings or other revenue-producing campus<br>improvements as, from time to time, may be authorized by the legislative assembly, and<br>including additions to existing buildings or other campus improvements used for such purposes,<br>and may construct such campus improvements and buildings or additions thereon and may<br>equip, furnish, maintain, and operate such buildings and other campus improvements.15-55-02. Board may borrow money and issue bonds - Conditions - Bonds tax free.For the purpose of paying all or part of, but not to exceed, the cost of construction, equipment,<br>and furnishing of any such buildings or any addition to existing buildings, or other campus<br>improvements, or in order to refund any outstanding bonds or interim financing issued for such<br>purpose, the state board of higher education may borrow money on the credit of the income and<br>revenue to be derived from the operation of the said building or buildings or other campus<br>improvements, and, in anticipation of such collections of such income and revenues, may issue<br>negotiable bonds in such an amount as, in the opinion of the board, may be necessary for such<br>purposes, all within the limits of the authority granted by the legislative assembly in each<br>instance, and may provide for the payment of such bonds and the rights of the holders thereof as<br>provided in this chapter. The bonds may bear such date or dates; mature at such time or times<br>not exceeding fifty years from their date; be in such denomination or denominations; be in such<br>form, either coupon or registered; carry such registration and conversion privileges; be executed<br>in such manner; be payable in such medium of payment at such place or places; be subject to<br>such terms of redemption with or without premium; bear such rate or rates of interest; and be<br>subject to such other terms or conditions as may be provided by resolution or resolutions to be<br>adopted by the board. The bonds may be sold in such manner and at such price or prices as<br>may be considered by the board to be advisable. The average net interest cost to maturity for<br>any bond issues sold at private sale may not exceed twelve percent per annum. There is no<br>interest rate ceiling on those issues sold at public sale or to the state of North Dakota or any of its<br>agencies or instrumentalities. Any grants agreed to be made by the United States of America or<br>any agency or instrumentality thereof to reduce the interest cost of bonds, whether or not<br>pledged to the payment of the bonds or interest thereon as part of the income and revenue to be<br>derived from the operation of the buildings or improvements pledged to the payment of the issue,<br>must be considered as a reduction in the interest costs of the bonds with respect to which the<br>grant is made, for purposes of the rate limitations on interest costs provided herein. The bonds<br>have all of the qualities and incidents of negotiable paper and are not subject to taxation by the<br>state of North Dakota, or by any county, municipality, or political subdivision therein. The board,<br>in its discretion, may authorize one issue of bonds hereunder for the construction, furnishing, and<br>equipment of more than one building or other campus improvement and may make the bonds<br>payable from the combined revenues of all buildings or other campus improvements acquired in<br>whole or in part with the proceeds thereof, and when bonds are so issued, the words "the<br>building", as herein used, refers to all the buildings or other campus improvements so acquired.15-55-02.1. Refunding bonds. Bonds may be refunded, but no bonds may be refundedunder this chapter unless the bonds either mature or are callable for prior redemption under their<br>terms within thirty years from the date of issuance of the refunding bonds, or unless the holder or<br>holders of the bonds voluntarily surrender them for exchange or payment. Outstanding bonds of<br>more than one issue or series and bonds for refunding and other bonds to construct, furnish, or<br>equip any building or addition or other campus improvement for which bonds are authorized may<br>be combined into one issue or series and may provide for and restrict the combination of future<br>series with the issue. Except as otherwise provided in this section, the bonds must have such<br>details and must be authorized and issued in the manner provided in this chapter. Refunding<br>bonds so issued may carry forward for the payment of the refunding bonds such security andPage No. 1sources of payment as were pledged to the payment of the bonds refunded, and a combined<br>issue of refunding and other bonds may combine such security and sources of payment with a<br>pledge of the revenues of buildings or other campus improvements acquired in whole or in part<br>from the proceeds of the issue, including the security and sources of payment of any future<br>series of refunding bonds or revenues of any building or other campus improvement acquired<br>from the proceeds of a future series if and to the extent that provision is made for combination of<br>future series with the issue. The word "building" as used in this section means all the buildings or<br>other campus improvements the revenues of which are pledged. Any bonds issued for refunding<br>purposes may be delivered in exchange for the outstanding bonds authorized to be refunded,<br>sold at either public or private sale, or sold in part and exchanged in part. There is no interest<br>rate ceiling on those issues issued solely for refunding purposes. The sale price may exceed the<br>principal amount of refunding bonds and the excess may be used to provide for payment of<br>redemption premiums of the bonds to be refunded and to provide for expenses of the issuance<br>and sale of the bonds and the retirement of the outstanding bonds. All other proceeds of the sale<br>must be, to the extent needed, immediately applied to the retirement of the bonds to be refunded,<br>or the proceeds or investments thereof must be placed in escrow to be held and applied to the<br>payment of the bonds to be refunded, or in the case of crossover refunding, must be invested in<br>securities irrevocably appropriated to the payment of principal and interest on the refunding<br>bonds until the date the proceeds are applied to the payment or redemption of the bonds to be<br>refunded.The proceeds may, in the discretion or pursuant to covenant of the board, be invested inobligations of the United States of America, or in obligations fully guaranteed by the United<br>States of America, but the obligations so purchased must have such maturities and bear such<br>rates of interest payable at such times as will assure the existence of money sufficient to pay the<br>bonds to be refunded when due or when redeemed pursuant to call for redemption, together with<br>any interest and redemption premiums.The proceeds or obligations so purchased must bedeposited in trust with the trustee for the refunded bonds, or with the banking corporation,<br>association, or limited liability company which is the paying agent for the refunded bonds, or with<br>the state treasurer, to be held, liquidated, and the proceeds of such liquidation paid out for the<br>payment of the bonds to be refunded and interest and redemption premiums thereon as the<br>refunded bonds become due or subject to redemption under call for redemption previously made,<br>or upon earlier voluntary surrender thereof with the consent of the board. The determination of<br>the board in issuing refunding bonds that the issuance and sale of refunding bonds is necessary<br>for the best interests of the institution and that the limitations herein imposed upon the issuance<br>of refunding bonds have been met is conclusive in the absence of fraud or arbitrary and gross<br>abuse of discretion.15-55-03. Bonds are special obligations and board may insert special provisions inbonds. The bonds issued under the provisions of this chapter may not be an indebtedness of<br>the state of North Dakota nor of the institution for which they are issued nor of the state board of<br>higher education thereof, nor of the individual members, officers or agents thereof nor may any<br>building or other campus improvement or the land upon which it is situated, or any part thereof<br>be security for or be levied upon or sold for the payment of said bonds, but the said bonds must<br>be special obligations payable solely from the revenues to be derived from the operation of the<br>building or other campus improvement, and the board is authorized and directed to pledge all or<br>any part of such revenues to the payment of principal and interest on the bonds. In order to<br>secure the prompt payment of such principal and interest and the proper application of the<br>revenues pledged thereto, the board is authorized by appropriate provisions in the resolution or<br>resolutions authorizing the bonds:1.To covenant as to the use and disposition of the proceeds of the sale of such bonds;2.To covenant as to the operation of the building or other campus improvement and<br>the collection and disposition of the revenues derived from such operation;3.To covenant as to the rights, liabilities, powers, and duties arising from the breach of<br>any covenant or agreement into which it may enter in authorizing and issuing the<br>bonds;Page No. 24.To covenant and agree to carry such insurance on the building or other campus<br>improvement, and the use and occupancy thereof as may be considered desirable<br>and, in its discretion, to provide that the cost of such insurance shall be considered<br>as part of the expense of operating the building or other campus improvement;5.To vest in a trustee or trustees for the bondholders the right to receive all or any part<br>of the income and revenues pledged and assigned to or for the benefit of the holder<br>or holders of bonds issued hereunder and to hold, apply, and dispose of the same,<br>and the right to enforce any covenant made to secure the bonds and to execute and<br>deliver a trust agreement or agreements which may set forth the powers and duties<br>and the remedies available to such trustee or trustees and may limit the liabilities<br>thereof and prescribe the terms and conditions upon which such trustee or trustees<br>or the holder or holders of the bonds in any specified amount or percentage may<br>exercise such rights and enforce any or all such covenants and resort to such<br>remedies as may be appropriate;6.To fix rents, charges, and fees to be imposed in connection with and for the use of<br>the building or other campus improvement and the facilities supplied thereby, which<br>rents, charges, and fees shall be considered to be income and revenues derived<br>from the operation of the building or campus improvement, and are hereby expressly<br>required to be fully sufficient to assure the prompt payment of principal and interest<br>on the bonds as each becomes due, and to make and enforce such rules and<br>regulations with reference to the use of the building or campus improvement, and<br>with reference to requiring any class or classes of students to use the buildings or<br>other campus improvements as it may deem desirable for the welfare of the<br>institutions and its students or for the accomplishments of the purposes of this<br>chapter;7.To covenant to maintain a maximum percentage of occupancy of the building or<br>other campus improvement;8.To covenant against the issuance of any other obligations payable from the<br>revenues to be derived from the building or other campus improvement; and9.To make covenants other than and in addition to those herein expressly mentioned<br>of such character as may be considered necessary or advisable to affect the<br>purposes of this chapter.All such agreements and covenants entered into by the board are enforceable by appropriate<br>action or suit at law or in equity, which may be brought by any holder or holders of bonds issued<br>hereunder.15-55-04. Board may enter into contract with federal agencies. The board may enterinto any agreements or contracts with the United States of America or any agency or<br>instrumentality thereof which it may consider advisable or necessary in order to obtain a grant of<br>funds or other aid to be used in connection with the proceeds of the bonds in paying the cost of<br>the construction, furnishing, and equipment of the building or other campus improvement.15-55-04.1.Lease of revenue-producing buildings.The state board of highereducation may, at such times as it deems necessary, enter into agreements with other persons,<br>including any federal or state agency, for the lease of revenue-producing buildings, constructed<br>or purchased under the provisions of this chapter, upon such terms and conditions as the board<br>deems proper. However, any such lease entered into pursuant to this section must be limited to<br>a maximum term of ten years.15-55-05. Deposit and use of proceeds of bonds - Authorizing issuing of warrants -Contracts. The proceeds from the sale of the bonds herein authorized must be deposited to the<br>credit of the board and kept in a separate fund in the state treasury, in the Bank of North Dakota<br>or in a bank which is a duly designated depository for state funds and is a member of the federalPage No. 3deposit insurance corporation. Provided, that when such funds are deposited in a bank other<br>than the Bank of North Dakota or a bank which is not a duly designated depository for state<br>funds, such bank must be required to pledge, as security for such deposit, securities in an<br>amount equal to the sum by which such deposit exceeds the amount of federal deposit insurance<br>corporation insurance. Securities which are eligible for such pledge are notes or bonds issued by<br>the United States government, its agencies or instrumentalities, all bonds and notes guaranteed<br>by the United States government, federal land bank bonds, or bonds issued by any state of the<br>United States. In lieu of the deposit of such securities, a surety bond may be accepted from the<br>bank designated as a depository in a sum equal to the amount of funds such bank may receive in<br>excess of the amount guaranteed by the federal deposit insurance corporation. Such proceeds<br>must be used solely for the purpose for which the bonds are authorized except that the board<br>may invest such funds in direct obligations of, or obligations the principal of and interest on which<br>are guaranteed by, the United States of America, or obligations of the state of North Dakota or of<br>any municipality as defined in section 21-03-01 prior to or during building or other campus<br>improvement construction except to the extent such investment is prohibited or restricted by any<br>covenant made with or for the benefit of bondholders. The board is authorized to make all<br>contracts and to cause the execution of all instruments which in its discretion may be deemed<br>necessary or advisable to provide for the construction, furnishing, and equipment of the building<br>or other campus improvement or for the sale of the bonds or for interim financing deemed<br>necessary or advisable pending the sale of the bonds and pledging the proceeds of the bonds.15-55-05.1. Interim financing. The board may provide for interim financing pendingcompletion of revenue-producing projects at state institutions of higher learning and financing the<br>cost thereof and may authorize the issuance and sale of special interim warrants for that<br>essential governmental purpose, such warrants to be paid with interest from:1.The proceeds of definitive bonds issued in accordance with this chapter;2.Warrants issued to refund outstanding warrants; or3.The combined net revenues to be derived from the operation of buildings and<br>campus improvements for which bonds are outstanding with which the definitive<br>bonds to be issued for such project will be on a parity.The board shall arrange for the proper preparation and sale of the warrants and shallissue the warrants in an aggregate principal amount not exceeding the sum of bonds authorized<br>and necessary to finance completion of the project. Interim warrants are subject to call and<br>prepayment on thirty days' prior written notice to the place of payment at par and accrued interest<br>to date of prepayment at the option of the board; must mature not more than three years from<br>their date; and may bear such rate or rates of interest as the board may provide, not exceeding<br>an average net interest cost of twelve percent per annum on issues sold at private sale. There is<br>no interest rate ceiling on warrant issues sold at public sale or to the state of North Dakota or any<br>of its agencies or instrumentalities. Interim warrants may be sold on the basis of ninety-five<br>percent of par plus accrued interest to date of delivery. All warrants for a particular project must<br>mature within three years from the date of issuing the first warrants for the project. If warrants<br>are issued to refund warrants, the refunded warrants must be paid and canceled upon the<br>issuance of the refunding warrants, or the proceeds at the sale of the refunding warrants,<br>excepting the accrued interest received, must be used to purchase direct obligations of the<br>United States of America. Such obligations must mature at such time or times, with interest<br>thereon or the proceeds received therefrom, to provide funds adequate to pay, when due or<br>called for redemption prior to maturity, the warrants to be refunded together with the interest<br>accrued thereon and any redemption premium due thereon. Such proceeds or obligations of the<br>United States of America must, with all other funds legally available for such purpose, be<br>deposited in escrow with a banking corporation or national banking association located in and<br>doing business in the state of North Dakota, with power to accept and execute trusts, or any<br>successor thereto, which is also a member of the federal deposit insurance corporation and of<br>the federal reserve system. The proceeds or obligations are to be held in an irrevocable trust<br>solely for and until the payment and redemption of the warrant to be refunded. Any balance<br>remaining in escrow after the payment and retirement of the warrants to be refunded must bePage No. 4returned to the board to be used and held for use as revenues pledged for the payment of the<br>definitive bonds. Interim warrants have all of the qualities and incidents of negotiable paper and<br>are not subject to taxation by the state of North Dakota or by any county, municipality, or political<br>subdivision therein. Interim warrants are eligible for investment of funds the same as definitive<br>bonds are or would be eligible for investment under section 15-55-08.Such warrants may not constitute a general obligation indebtedness of the state of NorthDakota nor of the institution for which they are issued nor of the state board of higher education<br>nor of the individual members, officers, or agents thereof; are payable solely as provided in this<br>section; and the warrants issued and sold must so state.15-55-06.Designations of agent and depositories - Disposition and use ofrevenues - Funds created. All income and revenues derived from the operation of any building<br>or other campus improvement financed or the revenues of which are pledged in the manner<br>provided in this chapter must be collected by such officer or agent of the institution where the<br>building or other campus improvement is located as the state board of higher education from<br>time to time may designate and must be accounted for by such officer or agent, deposited, and<br>remitted as in this section provided. The said board, in its resolution authorizing the bonds or in<br>the trust agreement or agreements executed and delivered by the board, shall provide for the<br>disposition of and accounting for all such revenues by such officer or agent, including the<br>designation of a depository or depositories, the payment of expenses of operation and<br>maintenance, the remittance of revenues to the paying agent designated in the bonds for<br>payment of principal of and interest on the bonds when due, and the investment and disposition<br>of revenues not immediately required for payment of expenses, principal, and interest. The<br>board may designate as a depository for such revenues and funds either the state treasury or the<br>Bank of North Dakota or the trustee under the trust agreement for the bondholders or a bank<br>which is a duly designated depository for state funds or as provided in section 15-55-05. The<br>said board may, in its resolution authorizing the bonds or in the trust agreement or agreements<br>executed and delivered by the board, provide for an expense fund to be retained by the collecting<br>officer for the purpose of paying and may direct the collecting officer to pay the accrued or<br>anticipated expenses of operation and maintenance of the building or campus improvement, and<br>if the board so directs or if such expense fund is so provided, the collecting officer may pay such<br>expenses as so directed by the board or from said fund. The funds required to be remitted to the<br>state treasurer, if any, and any funds derived from revenues pledged to the bondholders must be<br>held by the collecting officer or in the depository for such funds designated by the board in a<br>special fund or funds, to be applied solely to the payment of the principal and interest on said<br>bonds, and the establishment of a reserve for future payments until all of said bonds and interest<br>thereon have been fully paid; provided, that to the extent not prohibited or restricted by any<br>covenant made with or for the benefit of the bondholders, the board may invest any such funds in<br>direct obligations of, or obligations the principal of and interest on which are guaranteed by, the<br>United States of America, or obligations of the state of North Dakota or of any municipality as<br>defined in section 21-03-01 and may devote revenues not currently required for payment of<br>principal and interest, for the creation or maintenance of a debt service reserve, or for expenses<br>of operation and maintenance to such purposes as the board from time to time may designate,<br>including replacing the furnishings and equipment of such building or buildings or campus<br>improvements and improving said building or buildings or campus improvements.15-55-07. Endorsement of bonds - Attorney general to approve - Incontestable -Exception. All bonds issued under the provisions of this chapter must have endorsed thereon a<br>statement to the effect that the same do not constitute an obligation of the state of North Dakota,<br>the state board of higher education, nor the individual members, officers, or agents thereof, nor of<br>the institution upon the campus of which the building or campus improvement is located, and that<br>the said bonds are payable solely and only out of the revenues to be produced and received from<br>the operation of said building or campus improvement. Such bonds must be submitted to the<br>attorney general of North Dakota for examination and when such bonds have been examined<br>and certified as legal obligations by the attorney general in accordance with such requirements<br>as the attorney general may make, are incontestable in any court in this state unless suit thereon<br>is brought in a court having jurisdiction thereof within thirty days from the date of such approval.<br>Bonds so approved by the attorney general are prima facie valid and binding obligationsPage No. 5according to their terms and the only defense which may be offered thereto in any suit instituted<br>after such thirty-day period has expired is forgery, fraud, or violation of the constitution.15-55-08. Who may invest in bonds. Any bank or trust company organized under thelaws of this state may invest its capital and surplus in bonds issued under this chapter. Any state<br>board, bureau, institution, or industry having the power to invest public funds or the funds of such<br>board, bureau, institution, or industry may invest said funds in bonds issued pursuant to this<br>chapter in the same manner and under the same restrictions as are provided by law for other<br>investments. The officers having charge of any sinking fund of any county, city, town, township,<br>or school district thereof may invest the sinking fund of such county, city, town, township, or<br>school district in bonds issued under the provisions thereof. The bonds are authorized collateral<br>security for the deposit of any public funds and for the investment of trust funds.15-55-09. Construction of chapter not to permit obligating of state. Nothing in thischapter may be construed to authorize or permit the state board of higher education, or any<br>officer or agency of the state, to create any state debts, or to incur any obligations of any kind or<br>nature, except as are payable solely and only from the special funds to be created from the<br>revenues of the building or buildings or other campus improvements erected or constructed<br>under the terms and provisions of this chapter, nor may the state of North Dakota or any funds or<br>moneys of this state other than the special funds derived from the income of said building or<br>buildings or campus improvements respectively ever be deemed obligated for the payment of the<br>said bonds or any part thereof.15-55-10. Limitation on buildings and other campus improvements and issuanceof bonds. No building or other campus improvement may be erected or constructed under this<br>chapter, and no bonds may be issued for the payment of the cost of any building or other<br>campus improvement under this chapter, unless authorized by legislative act, nor may any<br>building or other campus improvement be erected at a cost exceeding the amount fixed by the<br>legislative assembly as the maximum to be expended for the building or other campus<br>improvement undertaken under this chapter. The legislative authorization may be aggregated<br>and the appropriation of the proceeds of the bonds for the construction of the buildings or<br>improvements are not subject to cancellation under section 54-44.1-11. Authorization for the<br>issuance of bonds by the legislative assembly expires four years after the effective date of the<br>authorization unless bonds have been issued for the construction of buildings or improvements in<br>the amounts so authorized or a contract for the design of the building has been signed by the<br>state board of higher education before the expiration date or the authorization specifies a<br>different expiration date. Refunding bonds may be issued by the state board of higher education<br>under this chapter without legislative act to refund, at or before the maturity of or pursuant to any<br>privilege of prepayment reserved in or granted with respect to, any bonds issued to pay the cost<br>of buildings or other campus improvements designated and authorized by legislative act.15-55-11. Issuance and sale of tax-exempt bonds authorized - Amount. Omitted.15-55-12. Bonds not a general obligation of state or its institutions. Omitted.15-55-13. Additional revenue-producing buildings authorized. Omitted.15-55-14.Rental income from unencumbered revenue-producing buildings orother campus improvements may be applied to bond retirement. The state board of higher<br>education, when issuing bonds under the provisions of this chapter and the powers herein<br>granted, has additional powers as follows:1.When the state board of higher education has issued bonds as provided in this<br>chapter for the purpose of securing funds for all or part of the cost of construction,<br>equipment, and furnishing of any new revenue-producing building or other campus<br>improvement for any of the state-supported institutions of higher learning of the state<br>of North Dakota, or for the purpose of refunding any such bonds, said board is<br>hereby authorized to cover, from time to time, into the interest and principal payment<br>fund for bonds issued, or into a fund for operation and maintenance of the building orPage No. 6other campus improvement so financed or into a fund for repair or replacement of<br>the building or other campus improvement, its equipment and furnishings, the rental<br>or income from revenue-producing buildings or other campus improvements which<br>are not encumbered or impressed with any lien and which are located upon the<br>campuses of such institutions.2.In case of destruction of such revenue-producing buildings or campus improvements<br>by fire, tornado, cyclone, or other cause, the proceeds from insurance on such<br>revenue-producing buildings or campus improvements shall be covered into the<br>bond payment fund for the payment of bonds issued under this chapter unless such<br>insurance may be and is used for the repair or replacement of the building or<br>campus improvement, its equipment and furnishings.3.Therentalincomefromsaidrevenue-producingbuildingsorotherrevenue-producing campus improvements, and the proceeds of insurance thereon<br>may be irrepealably pledged to the payment of the principal and interest of the<br>bonds issued as in this chapter provided, or to the expenses of operation and<br>maintenance or repair or replacement of the building or campus improvement, its<br>equipment and furnishings.4.The bonds issued under the provisions of this chapter may not be an indebtedness<br>or obligation of the state of North Dakota or of any of the state institutions nor of any<br>board, bureau, or officer of the state of North Dakota, but such bonds must be<br>payable solely out of income and revenue as provided in this chapter.The rental income from the revenue-producing buildings or other revenue-producing campus<br>improvements, as defined herein, of any educational institutions of higher learning of the state<br>shall be covered only into a fund for a revenue-producing building or other revenue-producing<br>campus improvement for such educational institution and not to any other institution.15-55-15. Bond issues - Amounts and purposes (1955). Omitted.15-55-16. Bond issues - Amounts and purposes (1957). Omitted.15-55-17. Bond issues - Amounts and purposes (1959). Omitted.15-55-18. School district retirement of bonds for junior colleges and off-campuseducational centers. Repealed by S.L. 1999, ch. 154, <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://statutes.laws.com/test/","url":"https://statutes.laws.com/test/","name":"State Codes and Statutes - Statutes","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://statutes.laws.com/#website"},"datePublished":"2015-03-10T03:31:37+00:00","dateModified":"2019-12-27T23:25:16+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://statutes.laws.com/test/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://statutes.laws.com/test/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://statutes.laws.com/test/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://statutes.laws.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"State Codes and Statutes"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://statutes.laws.com/#website","url":"https://statutes.laws.com/","name":"Statutes","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://statutes.laws.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}</script>
<!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Statutes » Feed" href="https://statutes.laws.com/feed/" />
<script type="text/javascript">
/* <![CDATA[ */
window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/statutes.laws.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7"}};
/*! This file is auto-generated */
!function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff","\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200b\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings);
/* ]]]]><![CDATA[> */
</script>
<style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
img.wp-smiley, img.emoji {
display: inline !important;
border: none !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
height: 1em !important;
width: 1em !important;
margin: 0 0.07em !important;
vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
background: none !important;
padding: 0 !important;
}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
/*! This file is auto-generated */
.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}
</style>
<style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
.wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;}
:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}
:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}
.wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='contact-form-7-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/css/styles.css?ver=5.9.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='redux-extendify-styles-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/redux-framework/redux-core/assets/css/extendify-utilities.css?ver=4.4.15' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='google-fonts-2-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Titillium+Web&subset=latin&ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='reset-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/reset.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=4.7.0' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='main-stylesheet-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/main-stylesheet.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='shortcode-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/shortcode.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='lightbox-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/lightbox.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='dat-menu-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/dat-menu.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='responsive-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/responsive.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<!--[if lt IE 8]>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='ie-only-styles-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/ie-ancient.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<![endif]-->
<link rel='stylesheet' id='dynamic-css-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=ot_dynamic_css&ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='style-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/style.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-icons-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/eicons/css/elementor-icons.min.css?ver=5.23.0' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-frontend-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/frontend-lite.min.css?ver=3.17.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='swiper-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/swiper/css/swiper.min.css?ver=5.3.6' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-post-248-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/elementor/css/post-248.css?ver=1699721364' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-pro-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/css/frontend-lite.min.css?ver=3.16.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-global-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/elementor/css/global.css?ver=1699721365' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='toc-screen-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/table-of-contents-plus/screen.min.css?ver=2309' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='google-fonts-1-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C200%2C200italic%2C300%2C300italic%2C400%2C400italic%2C500%2C500italic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C800%2C800italic%2C900%2C900italic%7CRoboto+Slab%3A100%2C100italic%2C200%2C200italic%2C300%2C300italic%2C400%2C400italic%2C500%2C500italic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C800%2C800italic%2C900%2C900italic&display=auto&ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" crossorigin><script type="text/javascript" id="jquery-core-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var ot = {"THEME_NAME":"legatus","adminUrl":"https:\/\/statutes.laws.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","gallery_id":"","galleryCat":"","imageUrl":"https:\/\/statutes.laws.com\/wp-content\/themes\/legatus\/images\/","cssUrl":"https:\/\/statutes.laws.com\/wp-content\/themes\/legatus\/css\/","themeUrl":"https:\/\/statutes.laws.com\/wp-content\/themes\/legatus"};
/* ]]]]><![CDATA[> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script>
<script></script><link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/19" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://statutes.laws.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
<link rel='shortlink' href='https://statutes.laws.com/?p=19' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstatutes.laws.com%2Ftest%2F" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstatutes.laws.com%2Ftest%2F&format=xml" />
<meta name="generator" content="Redux 4.4.15" /><script type="text/javascript">
(function(url){
if(/(?:Chrome\/26\.0\.1410\.63 Safari\/537\.31|WordfenceTestMonBot)/.test(navigator.userAgent)){ return; }
var addEvent = function(evt, handler) {
if (window.addEventListener) {
document.addEventListener(evt, handler, false);
} else if (window.attachEvent) {
document.attachEvent('on' + evt, handler);
}
};
var removeEvent = function(evt, handler) {
if (window.removeEventListener) {
document.removeEventListener(evt, handler, false);
} else if (window.detachEvent) {
document.detachEvent('on' + evt, handler);
}
};
var evts = 'contextmenu dblclick drag dragend dragenter dragleave dragover dragstart drop keydown keypress keyup mousedown mousemove mouseout mouseover mouseup mousewheel scroll'.split(' ');
var logHuman = function() {
if (window.wfLogHumanRan) { return; }
window.wfLogHumanRan = true;
var wfscr = document.createElement('script');
wfscr.type = 'text/javascript';
wfscr.async = true;
wfscr.src = url + '&r=' + Math.random();
(document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(wfscr);
for (var i = 0; i < evts.length; i++) {
removeEvent(evts[i], logHuman);
}
};
for (var i = 0; i < evts.length; i++) {
addEvent(evts[i], logHuman);
}
})('//statutes.laws.com/?wordfence_lh=1&hid=296D786F2D7D29ED2E2D939905FDCD8F');
</script><meta name="generator" content="Elementor 3.17.3; features: e_dom_optimization, e_optimized_assets_loading, e_optimized_css_loading, additional_custom_breakpoints; settings: css_print_method-external, google_font-enabled, font_display-auto">
<meta name="generator" content="Powered by WPBakery Page Builder - drag and drop page builder for WordPress."/>
<meta name="generator" content="Powered by Slider Revolution 6.6.11 - responsive, Mobile-Friendly Slider Plugin for WordPress with comfortable drag and drop interface." />
<!-- Clicky Web Analytics - https://clicky.com, WordPress Plugin by Yoast - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/clicky/ --><script type='text/javascript'>
function clicky_gc(name) {
var ca = document.cookie.split(';');
for (var i in ca) {
if (ca[i].indexOf(name + '=') != -1) {
return decodeURIComponent(ca[i].split('=')[1]);
}
}
return '';
}
var username_check = clicky_gc('"comment_author_d2f3dac10cedf763d31d1d5e708a3685"');
if (username_check) var clicky_custom_session = {username: username_check};
</script>
<script>
var clicky_site_ids = clicky_site_ids || [];
clicky_site_ids.push("100851447");
</script>
<script async src="//static.getclicky.com/js"></script><script>function setREVStartSize(e){
//window.requestAnimationFrame(function() {
window.RSIW = window.RSIW===undefined ? window.innerWidth : window.RSIW;
window.RSIH = window.RSIH===undefined ? window.innerHeight : window.RSIH;
try {
var pw = document.getElementById(e.c).parentNode.offsetWidth,
newh;
pw = pw===0 || isNaN(pw) || (e.l=="fullwidth" || e.layout=="fullwidth") ? window.RSIW : pw;
e.tabw = e.tabw===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.tabw);
e.thumbw = e.thumbw===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.thumbw);
e.tabh = e.tabh===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.tabh);
e.thumbh = e.thumbh===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.thumbh);
e.tabhide = e.tabhide===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.tabhide);
e.thumbhide = e.thumbhide===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.thumbhide);
e.mh = e.mh===undefined || e.mh=="" || e.mh==="auto" ? 0 : parseInt(e.mh,0);
if(e.layout==="fullscreen" || e.l==="fullscreen")
newh = Math.max(e.mh,window.RSIH);
else{
e.gw = Array.isArray(e.gw) ? e.gw : [e.gw];
for (var i in e.rl) if (e.gw[i]===undefined || e.gw[i]===0) e.gw[i] = e.gw[i-1];
e.gh = e.el===undefined || e.el==="" || (Array.isArray(e.el) && e.el.length==0)? e.gh : e.el;
e.gh = Array.isArray(e.gh) ? e.gh : [e.gh];
for (var i in e.rl) if (e.gh[i]===undefined || e.gh[i]===0) e.gh[i] = e.gh[i-1];
var nl = new Array(e.rl.length),
ix = 0,
sl;
e.tabw = e.tabhide>=pw ? 0 : e.tabw;
e.thumbw = e.thumbhide>=pw ? 0 : e.thumbw;
e.tabh = e.tabhide>=pw ? 0 : e.tabh;
e.thumbh = e.thumbhide>=pw ? 0 : e.thumbh;
for (var i in e.rl) nl[i] = e.rl[i]<window.RSIW ? 0 : e.rl[i];
sl = nl[0];
for (var i in nl) if (sl>nl[i] && nl[i]>0) { sl = nl[i]; ix=i;}
var m = pw>(e.gw[ix]+e.tabw+e.thumbw) ? 1 : (pw-(e.tabw+e.thumbw)) / (e.gw[ix]);
newh = (e.gh[ix] * m) + (e.tabh + e.thumbh);
}
var el = document.getElementById(e.c);
if (el!==null && el) el.style.height = newh+"px";
el = document.getElementById(e.c+"_wrapper");
if (el!==null && el) {
el.style.height = newh+"px";
el.style.display = "block";
}
} catch(e){
console.log("Failure at Presize of Slider:" + e)
}
//});
};</script>
<noscript><style> .wpb_animate_when_almost_visible { opacity: 1; }</style></noscript> <style>
body {
background: none !important;
}
</style>
<!-- END head -->
</head>
<!-- BEGIN body -->
<body class="page-template-default page page-id-19 wpb-js-composer js-comp-ver-7.5 vc_responsive elementor-default elementor-kit-248 elementor-page elementor-page-19">
<!-- BEGIN .boxed -->
<div class="boxed">
<!-- BEGIN .header -->
<div class="header">
<!-- BEGIN .header-very-top -->
<div class="header-very-top">
<!-- BEGIN .wrapper -->
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="left">
<ul class="ot-menu very-top-menu load-responsive" rel="Top Menu"><li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com" class="icon-text"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a></li><li id="menu-item-154" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-1 single"><a href="https://www.laws.com/">Laws</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-155" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-2 single"><a href="https://lawyer.laws.com/">Lawyers</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-156" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-3 single"><a href="https://find.laws.com/">Find Laws</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-157" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-4 single"><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/">Legal Forms</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-158" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-5 single"><a href="https://state-laws.laws.com/">State Laws</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="clear-float"></div>
</div>
<div class="double-split"></div>
<!-- END .header-very-top -->
</div>
<!-- BEGIN .header-middle -->
<div class="header-middle">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="banner">
<div class="banner-block">
</div>
</div>
<div class="clear-float"></div>
</div>
<!-- END .header-middle -->
</div>
<!-- BEGIN .header-menu -->
<div class="header-menu thisisfixed">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="logo-image">
<!--<h1></h1>-->
<a href="https://statutes.laws.com"><img class="logo" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/images/logo.png" alt="Statutes" /></a>
</div>
<ul class="menu main-menu" ><li id="menu-item-148" class="normal-drop no-description menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-1" style="background:#264C84; color:#264C84; "><a href="https://www.laws.com/">Laws</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-149" class="normal-drop no-description menu_red menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-2"><a href="https://lawyer.laws.com/">Lawyers</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-150" class="normal-drop no-description menu_green menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-3"><a href="https://find.laws.com/">Find Laws</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-152" class="normal-drop no-description menu_boldred menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-4"><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/">Legal Forms</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-151" class="normal-drop no-description menu_blue menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-5"><a href="https://state-laws.laws.com/">State Laws</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="clear-float"></div>
</div>
<!-- END .header-menu -->
</div>
<!-- BEGIN .header-undermenu -->
<div class="header-undermenu">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="clear-float"></div>
</div>
<!-- END .header-undermenu -->
</div>
<!-- Begin add search bar -->
<br />
<div class="wrapper">
<!-- add search bar - Peter - May 2015 -->
<style>
.input-txt-bigger{background:url(https://laws.com/uploads/input-txt-bigger.jpg) no-repeat;width:100%;height:30px;color:#5a8bb7;padding:0px 10px;padding:6px 10px\9;float:left;border:0px;font-size:16px}
.input-btn{background:url(https://laws.com/uploads/input-btn-blue.png) no-repeat;width:100%;height:30px;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;margin-left:10px;text-align:center;float:left;border:0px;cursor:pointer}
</style>
<form action="https://laws.com/searchresults" method="get">
<input type="text" id="qucik-key" name="sname" value="Search Laws" onfocus="if(this.value=='Search Laws' || this.value=='') this.value='';" onblur="if(this.value=='') this.value='Search Laws';" class="input-txt-bigger" style="background:none;border:2px solid #1661B2;width:75%;height:55px;font-size:30px;font-weight:bold" /> <input type="submit" class="input-btn" value="SEARCH" style="width:167px;height:55px;font-size:20px;background:url(https://laws.com/uploads/input-btn-blue-big.png) no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent" />
</form>
<!-- End add search bar - Peter - May 2015 -->
</div>
<div style="height: 70px;"></div>
<!-- Begin add search bar -->
<!-- END .header -->
</div>
<!-- BEGIN .content -->
<div class="content">
<!-- BEGIN .wrapper -->
<div class="wrapper">
<!-- BEGIN .main-content-left -->
<div class="main-content-left">
<div class="social-icons-float">
<span class="soc-header">Share</span>
<span class="social-icon">
<span class="social-count"><span class="count">0</span><span class="social-arrow"> </span></span>
<a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://statutes.laws.com/test/" data-url="https://statutes.laws.com/test/" class="social-button ot-share" style="background:#495fbd;"><i class="fa fa-facebook"></i><font>Share</font></a>
</span>
<span class="social-icon">
<span class="social-count"><span class="count">0</span><span class="social-arrow"> </span></span>
<a href="#" data-hashtags="" data-url="https://statutes.laws.com/test/" data-via="" data-text="State Codes and Statutes" class="social-button ot-tweet" style="background:#43bedd;"><i class="fa fa-twitter"></i><font>Tweet</font></a>
</span>
<span class="social-icon">
<span class="social-count">0<span class="social-arrow"> </span></span>
<a href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https://statutes.laws.com/test/" class="social-button ot-pluss" style="background:#df6149;"><i class="fa fa-google-plus"></i><font>+1</font></a>
</span>
<span class="social-icon">
<span class="social-count"><span class="count">0</span><span class="social-arrow"> </span></span>
<a href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://statutes.laws.com/test/&title=State Codes and Statutes" class="social-button ot-link" style="background:#264c84;" data-url="https://statutes.laws.com/test/"><i class="fa fa-linkedin"></i><font>Share</font></a>
</span>
</div>
<!-- 27.04.15 - BEGIN box search -->
<!-- Adding the ads for legal-forms - Peter - 27-4-2015 -->
<!-- End Adding the ads for legal-forms - Peter - 27-4-2015 -->
<!-- 27.04.15 - END box search -->
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="content-article-title">
<h2>State Codes and Statutes</h2>
<div class="right-title-side">
<br/>
<a href="https://statutes.laws.com"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>Back To Homepage</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="main-article-content">
<!-- BEGIN .shortcode-content -->
<div class="shortcode-content">
<h2>State Codes and Statutes</h2>
<a href='https://statutes.laws.com/'>Statutes</a> > <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota'>North-dakota</a> > <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota/t15'>T15</a> > <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota/t15/t15c55'>T15c55</a><br><br><a href="https://law.justia.com/codes/north-dakota/2009/t15/pdf/t15c55.pdf">Download pdf</a><br><div id="embed_document" style="width:625px; height:815px; text-align:center;">Loading PDF...</div><script type="text/javascript"> var pdf_url = 'https://law.justia.com/codes/north-dakota/2009/t15/pdf/t15c55.pdf'; $(document).ready(function() { var embedwindow = $("#embed_document"); if ($.browser.msie){ embedwindow.html('<embed src="'+pdf_url+'" width="100%" height="100%"></embed>'); } else { embedwindow.html('<iframe style="width:100%; height:100%;" src="https://docs.google.com/gview?url='+window.escape(pdf_url)+'&embedded=true" frameborder="0"></iframe>'); } });</script><br><br><noframes>CHAPTER 15-55CONSTRUCTION OF REVENUE-PRODUCING BUILDINGS15-55-01.Portions of campuses set aside for authorized revenue-producingbuildings or other revenue-producing campus improvements. Subject to and in accordance<br>with the terms of this chapter, the state board of higher education, for and on behalf of the<br>institutions under its supervision and control, from time to time, may set aside such portions of<br>the respective campuses of said institutions as may be necessary and suitable for the<br>construction thereon of such revenue-producing buildings or other revenue-producing campus<br>improvements as, from time to time, may be authorized by the legislative assembly, and<br>including additions to existing buildings or other campus improvements used for such purposes,<br>and may construct such campus improvements and buildings or additions thereon and may<br>equip, furnish, maintain, and operate such buildings and other campus improvements.15-55-02. Board may borrow money and issue bonds - Conditions - Bonds tax free.For the purpose of paying all or part of, but not to exceed, the cost of construction, equipment,<br>and furnishing of any such buildings or any addition to existing buildings, or other campus<br>improvements, or in order to refund any outstanding bonds or interim financing issued for such<br>purpose, the state board of higher education may borrow money on the credit of the income and<br>revenue to be derived from the operation of the said building or buildings or other campus<br>improvements, and, in anticipation of such collections of such income and revenues, may issue<br>negotiable bonds in such an amount as, in the opinion of the board, may be necessary for such<br>purposes, all within the limits of the authority granted by the legislative assembly in each<br>instance, and may provide for the payment of such bonds and the rights of the holders thereof as<br>provided in this chapter. The bonds may bear such date or dates; mature at such time or times<br>not exceeding fifty years from their date; be in such denomination or denominations; be in such<br>form, either coupon or registered; carry such registration and conversion privileges; be executed<br>in such manner; be payable in such medium of payment at such place or places; be subject to<br>such terms of redemption with or without premium; bear such rate or rates of interest; and be<br>subject to such other terms or conditions as may be provided by resolution or resolutions to be<br>adopted by the board. The bonds may be sold in such manner and at such price or prices as<br>may be considered by the board to be advisable. The average net interest cost to maturity for<br>any bond issues sold at private sale may not exceed twelve percent per annum. There is no<br>interest rate ceiling on those issues sold at public sale or to the state of North Dakota or any of its<br>agencies or instrumentalities. Any grants agreed to be made by the United States of America or<br>any agency or instrumentality thereof to reduce the interest cost of bonds, whether or not<br>pledged to the payment of the bonds or interest thereon as part of the income and revenue to be<br>derived from the operation of the buildings or improvements pledged to the payment of the issue,<br>must be considered as a reduction in the interest costs of the bonds with respect to which the<br>grant is made, for purposes of the rate limitations on interest costs provided herein. The bonds<br>have all of the qualities and incidents of negotiable paper and are not subject to taxation by the<br>state of North Dakota, or by any county, municipality, or political subdivision therein. The board,<br>in its discretion, may authorize one issue of bonds hereunder for the construction, furnishing, and<br>equipment of more than one building or other campus improvement and may make the bonds<br>payable from the combined revenues of all buildings or other campus improvements acquired in<br>whole or in part with the proceeds thereof, and when bonds are so issued, the words "the<br>building", as herein used, refers to all the buildings or other campus improvements so acquired.15-55-02.1. Refunding bonds. Bonds may be refunded, but no bonds may be refundedunder this chapter unless the bonds either mature or are callable for prior redemption under their<br>terms within thirty years from the date of issuance of the refunding bonds, or unless the holder or<br>holders of the bonds voluntarily surrender them for exchange or payment. Outstanding bonds of<br>more than one issue or series and bonds for refunding and other bonds to construct, furnish, or<br>equip any building or addition or other campus improvement for which bonds are authorized may<br>be combined into one issue or series and may provide for and restrict the combination of future<br>series with the issue. Except as otherwise provided in this section, the bonds must have such<br>details and must be authorized and issued in the manner provided in this chapter. Refunding<br>bonds so issued may carry forward for the payment of the refunding bonds such security andPage No. 1sources of payment as were pledged to the payment of the bonds refunded, and a combined<br>issue of refunding and other bonds may combine such security and sources of payment with a<br>pledge of the revenues of buildings or other campus improvements acquired in whole or in part<br>from the proceeds of the issue, including the security and sources of payment of any future<br>series of refunding bonds or revenues of any building or other campus improvement acquired<br>from the proceeds of a future series if and to the extent that provision is made for combination of<br>future series with the issue. The word "building" as used in this section means all the buildings or<br>other campus improvements the revenues of which are pledged. Any bonds issued for refunding<br>purposes may be delivered in exchange for the outstanding bonds authorized to be refunded,<br>sold at either public or private sale, or sold in part and exchanged in part. There is no interest<br>rate ceiling on those issues issued solely for refunding purposes. The sale price may exceed the<br>principal amount of refunding bonds and the excess may be used to provide for payment of<br>redemption premiums of the bonds to be refunded and to provide for expenses of the issuance<br>and sale of the bonds and the retirement of the outstanding bonds. All other proceeds of the sale<br>must be, to the extent needed, immediately applied to the retirement of the bonds to be refunded,<br>or the proceeds or investments thereof must be placed in escrow to be held and applied to the<br>payment of the bonds to be refunded, or in the case of crossover refunding, must be invested in<br>securities irrevocably appropriated to the payment of principal and interest on the refunding<br>bonds until the date the proceeds are applied to the payment or redemption of the bonds to be<br>refunded.The proceeds may, in the discretion or pursuant to covenant of the board, be invested inobligations of the United States of America, or in obligations fully guaranteed by the United<br>States of America, but the obligations so purchased must have such maturities and bear such<br>rates of interest payable at such times as will assure the existence of money sufficient to pay the<br>bonds to be refunded when due or when redeemed pursuant to call for redemption, together with<br>any interest and redemption premiums.The proceeds or obligations so purchased must bedeposited in trust with the trustee for the refunded bonds, or with the banking corporation,<br>association, or limited liability company which is the paying agent for the refunded bonds, or with<br>the state treasurer, to be held, liquidated, and the proceeds of such liquidation paid out for the<br>payment of the bonds to be refunded and interest and redemption premiums thereon as the<br>refunded bonds become due or subject to redemption under call for redemption previously made,<br>or upon earlier voluntary surrender thereof with the consent of the board. The determination of<br>the board in issuing refunding bonds that the issuance and sale of refunding bonds is necessary<br>for the best interests of the institution and that the limitations herein imposed upon the issuance<br>of refunding bonds have been met is conclusive in the absence of fraud or arbitrary and gross<br>abuse of discretion.15-55-03. Bonds are special obligations and board may insert special provisions inbonds. The bonds issued under the provisions of this chapter may not be an indebtedness of<br>the state of North Dakota nor of the institution for which they are issued nor of the state board of<br>higher education thereof, nor of the individual members, officers or agents thereof nor may any<br>building or other campus improvement or the land upon which it is situated, or any part thereof<br>be security for or be levied upon or sold for the payment of said bonds, but the said bonds must<br>be special obligations payable solely from the revenues to be derived from the operation of the<br>building or other campus improvement, and the board is authorized and directed to pledge all or<br>any part of such revenues to the payment of principal and interest on the bonds. In order to<br>secure the prompt payment of such principal and interest and the proper application of the<br>revenues pledged thereto, the board is authorized by appropriate provisions in the resolution or<br>resolutions authorizing the bonds:1.To covenant as to the use and disposition of the proceeds of the sale of such bonds;2.To covenant as to the operation of the building or other campus improvement and<br>the collection and disposition of the revenues derived from such operation;3.To covenant as to the rights, liabilities, powers, and duties arising from the breach of<br>any covenant or agreement into which it may enter in authorizing and issuing the<br>bonds;Page No. 24.To covenant and agree to carry such insurance on the building or other campus<br>improvement, and the use and occupancy thereof as may be considered desirable<br>and, in its discretion, to provide that the cost of such insurance shall be considered<br>as part of the expense of operating the building or other campus improvement;5.To vest in a trustee or trustees for the bondholders the right to receive all or any part<br>of the income and revenues pledged and assigned to or for the benefit of the holder<br>or holders of bonds issued hereunder and to hold, apply, and dispose of the same,<br>and the right to enforce any covenant made to secure the bonds and to execute and<br>deliver a trust agreement or agreements which may set forth the powers and duties<br>and the remedies available to such trustee or trustees and may limit the liabilities<br>thereof and prescribe the terms and conditions upon which such trustee or trustees<br>or the holder or holders of the bonds in any specified amount or percentage may<br>exercise such rights and enforce any or all such covenants and resort to such<br>remedies as may be appropriate;6.To fix rents, charges, and fees to be imposed in connection with and for the use of<br>the building or other campus improvement and the facilities supplied thereby, which<br>rents, charges, and fees shall be considered to be income and revenues derived<br>from the operation of the building or campus improvement, and are hereby expressly<br>required to be fully sufficient to assure the prompt payment of principal and interest<br>on the bonds as each becomes due, and to make and enforce such rules and<br>regulations with reference to the use of the building or campus improvement, and<br>with reference to requiring any class or classes of students to use the buildings or<br>other campus improvements as it may deem desirable for the welfare of the<br>institutions and its students or for the accomplishments of the purposes of this<br>chapter;7.To covenant to maintain a maximum percentage of occupancy of the building or<br>other campus improvement;8.To covenant against the issuance of any other obligations payable from the<br>revenues to be derived from the building or other campus improvement; and9.To make covenants other than and in addition to those herein expressly mentioned<br>of such character as may be considered necessary or advisable to affect the<br>purposes of this chapter.All such agreements and covenants entered into by the board are enforceable by appropriate<br>action or suit at law or in equity, which may be brought by any holder or holders of bonds issued<br>hereunder.15-55-04. Board may enter into contract with federal agencies. The board may enterinto any agreements or contracts with the United States of America or any agency or<br>instrumentality thereof which it may consider advisable or necessary in order to obtain a grant of<br>funds or other aid to be used in connection with the proceeds of the bonds in paying the cost of<br>the construction, furnishing, and equipment of the building or other campus improvement.15-55-04.1.Lease of revenue-producing buildings.The state board of highereducation may, at such times as it deems necessary, enter into agreements with other persons,<br>including any federal or state agency, for the lease of revenue-producing buildings, constructed<br>or purchased under the provisions of this chapter, upon such terms and conditions as the board<br>deems proper. However, any such lease entered into pursuant to this section must be limited to<br>a maximum term of ten years.15-55-05. Deposit and use of proceeds of bonds - Authorizing issuing of warrants -Contracts. The proceeds from the sale of the bonds herein authorized must be deposited to the<br>credit of the board and kept in a separate fund in the state treasury, in the Bank of North Dakota<br>or in a bank which is a duly designated depository for state funds and is a member of the federalPage No. 3deposit insurance corporation. Provided, that when such funds are deposited in a bank other<br>than the Bank of North Dakota or a bank which is not a duly designated depository for state<br>funds, such bank must be required to pledge, as security for such deposit, securities in an<br>amount equal to the sum by which such deposit exceeds the amount of federal deposit insurance<br>corporation insurance. Securities which are eligible for such pledge are notes or bonds issued by<br>the United States government, its agencies or instrumentalities, all bonds and notes guaranteed<br>by the United States government, federal land bank bonds, or bonds issued by any state of the<br>United States. In lieu of the deposit of such securities, a surety bond may be accepted from the<br>bank designated as a depository in a sum equal to the amount of funds such bank may receive in<br>excess of the amount guaranteed by the federal deposit insurance corporation. Such proceeds<br>must be used solely for the purpose for which the bonds are authorized except that the board<br>may invest such funds in direct obligations of, or obligations the principal of and interest on which<br>are guaranteed by, the United States of America, or obligations of the state of North Dakota or of<br>any municipality as defined in section 21-03-01 prior to or during building or other campus<br>improvement construction except to the extent such investment is prohibited or restricted by any<br>covenant made with or for the benefit of bondholders. The board is authorized to make all<br>contracts and to cause the execution of all instruments which in its discretion may be deemed<br>necessary or advisable to provide for the construction, furnishing, and equipment of the building<br>or other campus improvement or for the sale of the bonds or for interim financing deemed<br>necessary or advisable pending the sale of the bonds and pledging the proceeds of the bonds.15-55-05.1. Interim financing. The board may provide for interim financing pendingcompletion of revenue-producing projects at state institutions of higher learning and financing the<br>cost thereof and may authorize the issuance and sale of special interim warrants for that<br>essential governmental purpose, such warrants to be paid with interest from:1.The proceeds of definitive bonds issued in accordance with this chapter;2.Warrants issued to refund outstanding warrants; or3.The combined net revenues to be derived from the operation of buildings and<br>campus improvements for which bonds are outstanding with which the definitive<br>bonds to be issued for such project will be on a parity.The board shall arrange for the proper preparation and sale of the warrants and shallissue the warrants in an aggregate principal amount not exceeding the sum of bonds authorized<br>and necessary to finance completion of the project. Interim warrants are subject to call and<br>prepayment on thirty days' prior written notice to the place of payment at par and accrued interest<br>to date of prepayment at the option of the board; must mature not more than three years from<br>their date; and may bear such rate or rates of interest as the board may provide, not exceeding<br>an average net interest cost of twelve percent per annum on issues sold at private sale. There is<br>no interest rate ceiling on warrant issues sold at public sale or to the state of North Dakota or any<br>of its agencies or instrumentalities. Interim warrants may be sold on the basis of ninety-five<br>percent of par plus accrued interest to date of delivery. All warrants for a particular project must<br>mature within three years from the date of issuing the first warrants for the project. If warrants<br>are issued to refund warrants, the refunded warrants must be paid and canceled upon the<br>issuance of the refunding warrants, or the proceeds at the sale of the refunding warrants,<br>excepting the accrued interest received, must be used to purchase direct obligations of the<br>United States of America. Such obligations must mature at such time or times, with interest<br>thereon or the proceeds received therefrom, to provide funds adequate to pay, when due or<br>called for redemption prior to maturity, the warrants to be refunded together with the interest<br>accrued thereon and any redemption premium due thereon. Such proceeds or obligations of the<br>United States of America must, with all other funds legally available for such purpose, be<br>deposited in escrow with a banking corporation or national banking association located in and<br>doing business in the state of North Dakota, with power to accept and execute trusts, or any<br>successor thereto, which is also a member of the federal deposit insurance corporation and of<br>the federal reserve system. The proceeds or obligations are to be held in an irrevocable trust<br>solely for and until the payment and redemption of the warrant to be refunded. Any balance<br>remaining in escrow after the payment and retirement of the warrants to be refunded must bePage No. 4returned to the board to be used and held for use as revenues pledged for the payment of the<br>definitive bonds. Interim warrants have all of the qualities and incidents of negotiable paper and<br>are not subject to taxation by the state of North Dakota or by any county, municipality, or political<br>subdivision therein. Interim warrants are eligible for investment of funds the same as definitive<br>bonds are or would be eligible for investment under section 15-55-08.Such warrants may not constitute a general obligation indebtedness of the state of NorthDakota nor of the institution for which they are issued nor of the state board of higher education<br>nor of the individual members, officers, or agents thereof; are payable solely as provided in this<br>section; and the warrants issued and sold must so state.15-55-06.Designations of agent and depositories - Disposition and use ofrevenues - Funds created. All income and revenues derived from the operation of any building<br>or other campus improvement financed or the revenues of which are pledged in the manner<br>provided in this chapter must be collected by such officer or agent of the institution where the<br>building or other campus improvement is located as the state board of higher education from<br>time to time may designate and must be accounted for by such officer or agent, deposited, and<br>remitted as in this section provided. The said board, in its resolution authorizing the bonds or in<br>the trust agreement or agreements executed and delivered by the board, shall provide for the<br>disposition of and accounting for all such revenues by such officer or agent, including the<br>designation of a depository or depositories, the payment of expenses of operation and<br>maintenance, the remittance of revenues to the paying agent designated in the bonds for<br>payment of principal of and interest on the bonds when due, and the investment and disposition<br>of revenues not immediately required for payment of expenses, principal, and interest. The<br>board may designate as a depository for such revenues and funds either the state treasury or the<br>Bank of North Dakota or the trustee under the trust agreement for the bondholders or a bank<br>which is a duly designated depository for state funds or as provided in section 15-55-05. The<br>said board may, in its resolution authorizing the bonds or in the trust agreement or agreements<br>executed and delivered by the board, provide for an expense fund to be retained by the collecting<br>officer for the purpose of paying and may direct the collecting officer to pay the accrued or<br>anticipated expenses of operation and maintenance of the building or campus improvement, and<br>if the board so directs or if such expense fund is so provided, the collecting officer may pay such<br>expenses as so directed by the board or from said fund. The funds required to be remitted to the<br>state treasurer, if any, and any funds derived from revenues pledged to the bondholders must be<br>held by the collecting officer or in the depository for such funds designated by the board in a<br>special fund or funds, to be applied solely to the payment of the principal and interest on said<br>bonds, and the establishment of a reserve for future payments until all of said bonds and interest<br>thereon have been fully paid; provided, that to the extent not prohibited or restricted by any<br>covenant made with or for the benefit of the bondholders, the board may invest any such funds in<br>direct obligations of, or obligations the principal of and interest on which are guaranteed by, the<br>United States of America, or obligations of the state of North Dakota or of any municipality as<br>defined in section 21-03-01 and may devote revenues not currently required for payment of<br>principal and interest, for the creation or maintenance of a debt service reserve, or for expenses<br>of operation and maintenance to such purposes as the board from time to time may designate,<br>including replacing the furnishings and equipment of such building or buildings or campus<br>improvements and improving said building or buildings or campus improvements.15-55-07. Endorsement of bonds - Attorney general to approve - Incontestable -Exception. All bonds issued under the provisions of this chapter must have endorsed thereon a<br>statement to the effect that the same do not constitute an obligation of the state of North Dakota,<br>the state board of higher education, nor the individual members, officers, or agents thereof, nor of<br>the institution upon the campus of which the building or campus improvement is located, and that<br>the said bonds are payable solely and only out of the revenues to be produced and received from<br>the operation of said building or campus improvement. Such bonds must be submitted to the<br>attorney general of North Dakota for examination and when such bonds have been examined<br>and certified as legal obligations by the attorney general in accordance with such requirements<br>as the attorney general may make, are incontestable in any court in this state unless suit thereon<br>is brought in a court having jurisdiction thereof within thirty days from the date of such approval.<br>Bonds so approved by the attorney general are prima facie valid and binding obligationsPage No. 5according to their terms and the only defense which may be offered thereto in any suit instituted<br>after such thirty-day period has expired is forgery, fraud, or violation of the constitution.15-55-08. Who may invest in bonds. Any bank or trust company organized under thelaws of this state may invest its capital and surplus in bonds issued under this chapter. Any state<br>board, bureau, institution, or industry having the power to invest public funds or the funds of such<br>board, bureau, institution, or industry may invest said funds in bonds issued pursuant to this<br>chapter in the same manner and under the same restrictions as are provided by law for other<br>investments. The officers having charge of any sinking fund of any county, city, town, township,<br>or school district thereof may invest the sinking fund of such county, city, town, township, or<br>school district in bonds issued under the provisions thereof. The bonds are authorized collateral<br>security for the deposit of any public funds and for the investment of trust funds.15-55-09. Construction of chapter not to permit obligating of state. Nothing in thischapter may be construed to authorize or permit the state board of higher education, or any<br>officer or agency of the state, to create any state debts, or to incur any obligations of any kind or<br>nature, except as are payable solely and only from the special funds to be created from the<br>revenues of the building or buildings or other campus improvements erected or constructed<br>under the terms and provisions of this chapter, nor may the state of North Dakota or any funds or<br>moneys of this state other than the special funds derived from the income of said building or<br>buildings or campus improvements respectively ever be deemed obligated for the payment of the<br>said bonds or any part thereof.15-55-10. Limitation on buildings and other campus improvements and issuanceof bonds. No building or other campus improvement may be erected or constructed under this<br>chapter, and no bonds may be issued for the payment of the cost of any building or other<br>campus improvement under this chapter, unless authorized by legislative act, nor may any<br>building or other campus improvement be erected at a cost exceeding the amount fixed by the<br>legislative assembly as the maximum to be expended for the building or other campus<br>improvement undertaken under this chapter. The legislative authorization may be aggregated<br>and the appropriation of the proceeds of the bonds for the construction of the buildings or<br>improvements are not subject to cancellation under section 54-44.1-11. Authorization for the<br>issuance of bonds by the legislative assembly expires four years after the effective date of the<br>authorization unless bonds have been issued for the construction of buildings or improvements in<br>the amounts so authorized or a contract for the design of the building has been signed by the<br>state board of higher education before the expiration date or the authorization specifies a<br>different expiration date. Refunding bonds may be issued by the state board of higher education<br>under this chapter without legislative act to refund, at or before the maturity of or pursuant to any<br>privilege of prepayment reserved in or granted with respect to, any bonds issued to pay the cost<br>of buildings or other campus improvements designated and authorized by legislative act.15-55-11. Issuance and sale of tax-exempt bonds authorized - Amount. Omitted.15-55-12. Bonds not a general obligation of state or its institutions. Omitted.15-55-13. Additional revenue-producing buildings authorized. Omitted.15-55-14.Rental income from unencumbered revenue-producing buildings orother campus improvements may be applied to bond retirement. The state board of higher<br>education, when issuing bonds under the provisions of this chapter and the powers herein<br>granted, has additional powers as follows:1.When the state board of higher education has issued bonds as provided in this<br>chapter for the purpose of securing funds for all or part of the cost of construction,<br>equipment, and furnishing of any new revenue-producing building or other campus<br>improvement for any of the state-supported institutions of higher learning of the state<br>of North Dakota, or for the purpose of refunding any such bonds, said board is<br>hereby authorized to cover, from time to time, into the interest and principal payment<br>fund for bonds issued, or into a fund for operation and maintenance of the building orPage No. 6other campus improvement so financed or into a fund for repair or replacement of<br>the building or other campus improvement, its equipment and furnishings, the rental<br>or income from revenue-producing buildings or other campus improvements which<br>are not encumbered or impressed with any lien and which are located upon the<br>campuses of such institutions.2.In case of destruction of such revenue-producing buildings or campus improvements<br>by fire, tornado, cyclone, or other cause, the proceeds from insurance on such<br>revenue-producing buildings or campus improvements shall be covered into the<br>bond payment fund for the payment of bonds issued under this chapter unless such<br>insurance may be and is used for the repair or replacement of the building or<br>campus improvement, its equipment and furnishings.3.Therentalincomefromsaidrevenue-producingbuildingsorotherrevenue-producing campus improvements, and the proceeds of insurance thereon<br>may be irrepealably pledged to the payment of the principal and interest of the<br>bonds issued as in this chapter provided, or to the expenses of operation and<br>maintenance or repair or replacement of the building or campus improvement, its<br>equipment and furnishings.4.The bonds issued under the provisions of this chapter may not be an indebtedness<br>or obligation of the state of North Dakota or of any of the state institutions nor of any<br>board, bureau, or officer of the state of North Dakota, but such bonds must be<br>payable solely out of income and revenue as provided in this chapter.The rental income from the revenue-producing buildings or other revenue-producing campus<br>improvements, as defined herein, of any educational institutions of higher learning of the state<br>shall be covered only into a fund for a revenue-producing building or other revenue-producing<br>campus improvement for such educational institution and not to any other institution.15-55-15. Bond issues - Amounts and purposes (1955). Omitted.15-55-16. Bond issues - Amounts and purposes (1957). Omitted.15-55-17. Bond issues - Amounts and purposes (1959). Omitted.15-55-18. School district retirement of bonds for junior colleges and off-campuseducational centers. Repealed by S.L. 1999, ch. 154, <!-- END .shortcode-content -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- END .main-content-left -->
</div>
<!-- BEGIN .main-content-right -->
<div class="main-content-right">
<!-- BEGIN .main-nosplit -->
<div class="main-nosplit">
<!--<div class="widget-0 first panel">
<h3>Advertising</h3>
<script type="text/javascript">
/*
var rkbspt = document.createElement('script');
rkbspt.type = 'text/javascript';
rkbspt.src = 'https://c.amazon-adsystem.com/aax2/getads.js';
var rkbscpt = document.querySelector('.widget-0.panel').appendChild(rkbspt);
rkbscpt.onload = function(){
aax_getad_mpb({
"slot_uuid":"557c365d-8984-4710-a63b-62d1baabc10e"
});
};
*/
</script>
<script id="mNCC" language="javascript">
medianet_width = "336";
medianet_height = "280";
medianet_crid = "436333511";
medianet_versionId = "3111299";
</script>
<script src="//contextual.media.net/nmedianet.js?cid=8CUC4DD64"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var e9 = new Object();
e9.size = "300x250";
e9.noAd = 1;
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="//tags.expo9.exponential.com/tags/Lawscom/BTF/tags.js"></script>
</div>-->
<div class="widget_text widget-1 first panel"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
e9 = new Object();
e9.size = "300x250,300x600";
e9.noAd = 1;
//--></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="//tags.expo9.exponential.com/tags/Lawscom/ROS/tags.js"></script></div></div><div class="widget-2 panel"><div class="menu-top-menu-container"><ul id="menu-top-menu-1" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-154" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-154 custom-class-1"><a href="https://www.laws.com/">Laws</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-155" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-155 custom-class-2"><a href="https://lawyer.laws.com/">Lawyers</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-156" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-156 custom-class-3"><a href="https://find.laws.com/">Find Laws</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-157" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-157 custom-class-4"><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/">Legal Forms</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-158" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-158 custom-class-5"><a href="https://state-laws.laws.com/">State Laws</a></li>
</ul></div></div><div class="widget_text widget-3 panel"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
e9 = new Object();
e9.size = "300x250,300x600";
e9.noAd = 1;
//--></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="//tags.expo9.exponential.com/tags/Lawscom/ROS/tags.js"></script></div></div><div class="widget_text widget-4 last panel"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
e9 = new Object();
e9.size = "300x250,300x600";
e9.noAd = 1;
//--></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="//tags.expo9.exponential.com/tags/Lawscom/ROS/tags.js"></script></div></div>
<!-- END .main-nosplit -->
</div>
<!-- END .main-content-right -->
</div>
<div class="clear-float"></div>
<!-- END .wrapper -->
</div>
<!-- BEGIN .content -->
</div>
<!-- BEGIN .footer -->
<div class="footer">
<!-- BEGIN .wrapper -->
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="banner-block">
<!-- <a href="http://www.orange-themes.com" target="_blank"><img src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/images/banner-468x60.jpg" alt="" title="" /></a>-->
</div>
<!-- Disable breaking news slider - Peter - 7 Apr 2015 -->
<!-- BEGIN .footer-content -->
<div class="footer-content">
<div class="footer-menu">
<ul class="load-responsive" rel="Footer Menu"><li id="menu-item-148" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-148 custom-class-1"><a href="https://www.laws.com/">Laws</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-149" class="menu_red menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-149 custom-class-2"><a href="https://lawyer.laws.com/">Lawyers</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-150" class="menu_green menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-150 custom-class-3"><a href="https://find.laws.com/">Find Laws</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-152" class="menu_boldred menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-152 custom-class-4"><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/">Legal Forms</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-151" class="menu_blue menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-151 custom-class-5"><a href="https://state-laws.laws.com/">State Laws</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="left">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/alabama-forms">Alabama Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/alaska-forms">Alaska Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/arizona-forms">Arizona Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/arkansas-forms">Arkansas Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/california-forms">California Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/colorado-forms">Colorado Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/connecticut-forms">Connecticut Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/district-of-columbia-forms">District Of Columbia Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/delaware-forms">Delaware Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/florida-forms">Florida Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/georgia-forms">Georgia Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/idaho-forms">Idaho Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/hawaii-forms">Hawaii Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/illinois-forms">Illinois Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/indiana-forms">Indiana Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/iowa-forms">Iowa Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/kansas-forms">Kansas Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/kentucky-forms">Kentucky Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/louisiana-forms">Louisiana Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/maine-forms">Maine Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/maryland-forms">Maryland Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/massachusetts-forms">Massachusetts Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/michigan-forms">Michigan Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/minnesota-forms">Minnesota Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/mississippi-forms">Mississippi Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/missouri-forms">Missouri Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/montana-forms">Montana Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/nebraska-forms">Nebraska Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/nevada-forms">Nevada Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/new-hampshire-forms">New Hampshire Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/new-jersey-forms">New Jersey Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/new-mexico-forms">New Mexico Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/new-york-forms">New York Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/north-carolina-forms">North Carolina Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/north-dakota-forms">North Dakota Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/ohio-forms">Ohio Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/oklahoma-forms">Oklahoma Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/oregon-forms">Oregon Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/pennsylvania-forms">Pennsylvania Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/rhode-island-forms">Rhode Island Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/south-carolina-forms">South Carolina Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/south-dakota-forms">South Dakota Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/tennessee-forms">Tennessee Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/texas-forms">Texas Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/utah-forms">Utah Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/vermont-forms">Vermont Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/virginia-forms">Virginia Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/washington-forms">Washington Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/west-virginia-forms">West Virginia Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/wisconsin-forms">Wisconsin Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/wyoming-forms">Wyoming Forms</a></li>
</ul>
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/alabama">Alabama Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/alaska">Alaska Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/arizona">Arizona Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/arkansas">Arkansas Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/california">California Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/connecticut">Connecticut Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/delaware">Delaware Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/district-of-columbia">District of Columbia Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/florida">Florida Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/georgia">Georgia Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/hawaii">Hawaii Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/idaho">Idaho Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/illinois">Illinois Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/indiana">Indiana Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/iowa">Iowa Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/kansas">Kansas Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/kentucky">Kentucky Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/louisiana">Louisiana Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/maine">Maine Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/maryland">Maryland Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/massachusetts">Massachusetts Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/michigan">Michigan Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/minnesota">Minnesota Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/mississippi">Mississippi Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/missouri">Missouri Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/montana">Montana Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/nebraska">Nebraska Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/nevada">Nevada Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/new-hampshire">New Hampshire Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/new-jersey">New Jersey Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/new-mexico">New Mexico Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/new-york">New York Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/north-carolina">North Carolina Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota">North Dakota Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/ohio">Ohio Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/oklahoma">Oklahoma Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/oregon">Oregon Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/pennsylvania">Pennsylvania Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/rhode-island">Rhode Island Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/south-carolina">South Carolina Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/south-dakota">South Dakota Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/tennessee">Tennessee Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/texas">Texas Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/utah">Utah Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/vermont">Vermont Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/washington">Washington Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/west-virginia">West Virginia Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/wisconsin">Wisconsin Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/wyoming">Wyoming Codes & Statutes</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div>
</center><br>
<div class="footer-menu">
<ul class="load-responsive" rel="Footer Menu"><li id="menu-item-34164" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34164"><a href="https://www.laws.com/category/about">Contact Us</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-34165" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34165"><a href="https://marketing.laws.com">Lawyer Marketing</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-34166" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34166"><a href="https://advertising.laws.com/">Advertise on Laws.com</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-34167" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34167"><a href="https://www.laws.com/category/AboutUs">About Us</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-34168" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34168"><a href="https://www.laws.com/category/TermsOfUse">Terms of Use</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-34169" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34169"><a href="https://www.laws.com/category/PrivacyPolicy">Privacy Policy</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-34170" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34170"><a href="https://www.laws.com/category/AdvertisingPolicy">Advertising Policy</a></li>
</ul> </div>
<strong>Disclaimer</strong> <br>There is no confidential attorney-client relationship formed by using Laws.com website and information provided on this site is not legal advice. For legal advice, please contact your attorney. Attorneys listed on this website are not referred or endorsed by this website. By using Laws.com you agree to Laws.com Terms Of Use.<br>
Copyright © 2017 Laws.com | All rights reserved
</div>
<!--<div class="right">Designed by <a href="https://laws.com" target="_blank">Laws.com</a></div>-->
<div class="clear-float"></div>
<!-- END .footer-content -->
</div>
<!-- END .wrapper -->
</div>
<!-- END .footer -->
</div>
<!-- END .boxed -->
</div>
<div class="lightbox">
<div class="lightcontent-loading">
<h2 class="light-title">Loading..</h2>
<a href="#" onclick="javascript:lightboxclose();" class="light-close"><i class="fa fa-times"></i>Close Window</a>
<div class="loading-box">
<h3>Loading, Please Wait!</h3>
<span>This may take a second or two.</span>
<span class="loading-image"><img src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/images/loading.gif" title="" alt="" /></span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="lightcontent"></div>
</div>
<script>
window.RS_MODULES = window.RS_MODULES || {};
window.RS_MODULES.modules = window.RS_MODULES.modules || {};
window.RS_MODULES.waiting = window.RS_MODULES.waiting || [];
window.RS_MODULES.defered = true;
window.RS_MODULES.moduleWaiting = window.RS_MODULES.moduleWaiting || {};
window.RS_MODULES.type = 'compiled';
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var relevanssi_rt_regex = /(&|\?)_(rt|rt_nonce)=(\w+)/g
var newUrl = window.location.search.replace(relevanssi_rt_regex, '')
history.replaceState(null, null, window.location.pathname + newUrl + window.location.hash)
</script>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='rs-plugin-settings-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/css/rs6.css?ver=6.6.11' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='rs-plugin-settings-inline-css' type='text/css'>
#rs-demo-id {}
</style>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/swv/js/index.js?ver=5.9.3" id="swv-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="contact-form-7-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var wpcf7 = {"api":{"root":"https:\/\/statutes.laws.com\/wp-json\/","namespace":"contact-form-7\/v1"},"cached":"1"};
/* ]]]]><![CDATA[> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/js/index.js?ver=5.9.3" id="contact-form-7-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="wpil-frontend-script-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var wpilFrontend = {"ajaxUrl":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","postId":"19","postType":"post","openInternalInNewTab":"1","openExternalInNewTab":"1","disableClicks":"0","openLinksWithJS":"0","trackAllElementClicks":"0","clicksI18n":{"imageNoText":"Image in link: No Text","imageText":"Image Title: ","noText":"No Anchor Text Found"}};
/* ]]]]><![CDATA[> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/link-whisper-premium/js/frontend.min.js?ver=1708797351" id="wpil-frontend-script-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/rbtools.min.js?ver=6.6.11" defer async id="tp-tools-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/rs6.min.js?ver=6.6.11" defer async id="revmin-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/effect.min.js?ver=1.13.2" id="jquery-effects-core-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/effect-slide.min.js?ver=1.13.2" id="jquery-effects-slide-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/admin/jquery.c00kie.js?ver=1.0" id="cookies-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/jquery.floating_popup.1.3.min.js?ver=1.0" id="banner-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/theme-scripts.js?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7" id="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/-scripts-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/jquery.event.move.js?ver=1.3.1" id="move-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/jquery.event.swipe.js?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7" id="swipe-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/js_composer/assets/lib/bower/isotope/dist/isotope.pkgd.min.js?ver=7.5" id="isotope-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/js/imagesloaded.min.js?ver=5.0.0" id="imagesloaded-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/js/masonry.min.js?ver=4.2.2" id="masonry-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/jquery.infinitescroll.min.js?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7" id="infinitescroll-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/lightbox.js?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7" id="lightbox-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/iscroll.js?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7" id="iscroll-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/ot_gallery.js?ver=1.0" id="ot-gallery-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/scripts.js?ver=1.0" id="ot-scripts-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/legatus.js?ver=1.0.0" id="scripts-wp-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="toc-front-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var tocplus = {"visibility_show":"show","visibility_hide":"hide","width":"Auto"};
var tocplus = {"visibility_show":"show","visibility_hide":"hide","width":"Auto"};
var tocplus = {"visibility_show":"show","visibility_hide":"hide","width":"Auto"};
/* ]]]]><![CDATA[> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/table-of-contents-plus/front.min.js?ver=2309" id="toc-front-js"></script>
<script></script>
<!-- END body -->
</body>
<!-- END html -->
</html>]]>