State Codes and Statutes
Statutes > North-dakota > T57 > T57c28
Download pdf
Loading PDF...
<![CDATA[CHAPTER 57-28RIGHTS OF COUNTY WHEN LANDS NOT REDEEMED57-28-01. Notice of foreclosure of tax lien to be given. On or before June first in eachyear, the county auditor shall give notice of foreclosure of tax lien for all property for which two or<br>more years have passed since the tax became due.57-28-02. When tax lien is foreclosed. The tax lien foreclosure date is October firstafter the service of the notice of foreclosure.57-28-03. Contents of notice of tax lien. Notice of foreclosure of tax lien must include:1.The description of the property.2.The amount of delinquent property taxes and special assessments, with penalties,<br>interest, and foreclosure costs, for the tax year foreclosed.3.The total amount required to satisfy the property tax lien.4.The time when the foreclosure will occur.57-28-04. Service of notice of foreclosure of lien.1.If the current assessment records show that a residential building is located on the<br>property, the county auditor shall deliver the notice of foreclosure of tax lien to the<br>sheriff who shall serve it or cause it to be served personally upon the owner, if<br>known to be a resident of this state. If the owner is a nonresident of this state, the<br>county auditor shall serve the notice by certified mail addressed to the owner at the<br>owner's last-known post-office address and determine whether personal service<br>upon any person is required under subsection 3. If the current assessment records<br>show that no residential building is located on the property, the auditor shall serve<br>the notice by certified mail addressed to the owner at the owner's last-known<br>post-office address.2.By March first, the county auditor shall request from the recorder and the clerk of the<br>district court a certified list giving the names and addresses of all persons who<br>appear to be interested as owners, mortgagees, lienholders, or otherwise in the<br>property except a person whose only interest is in an easement or right of way<br>recorded, or a mineral interest that was severed from the surface estate, before filing<br>of any unsatisfied lien or mortgage or before January first of the year following the<br>year for which the taxes were levied and to which the tax lien relates, upon whom<br>the notice of foreclosures must be served. The recorder and the clerk of the district<br>court shall provide the county auditor with the requested lists by April fifteenth<br>following the request.3.The notice must be served personally upon any person actually residing upon the<br>property subject to tax lien and upon any tenant or other person entitled to the<br>possession of the property as may appear from the records of the recorder.4.The county auditor shall serve the notice of foreclosure of tax lien upon each<br>mortgagee, lienholder, and other person with an interest in the property except a<br>person whose only interest is in a mineral interest that was severed from the surface<br>estate before the filing of any unsatisfied lien or mortgage or before January first of<br>the year following the year for which the taxes were levied and to which the notice of<br>foreclosure of tax lien relates, and upon whom personal service is not required by<br>this section, as shown by the records of the recorder or the clerk of the district court<br>of the county. The notice must be served by certified mail.Page No. 15.The expense of service of the notice, publication, and other foreclosure costs under<br>this chapter in the amount of fifty dollars must be added to the amount required to<br>satisfy the tax lien. The auditor or sheriff shall make proof of service by mail by<br>affidavit showing the names and addresses of all parties upon whom the notice was<br>served with the date of mailing in each case and shall attach the registry,<br>certification, and return receipts and file the affidavit and receipts with the original<br>notice of foreclosure of tax lien. Service by publication under this chapter must be<br>shown of record by filing of an affidavit of publication.57-28-05. Form of notice of foreclosure of tax lien service by certified mail. Thenotice of foreclosure of tax lien which the county auditor is required to serve by certified mail<br>must be substantially in the following form:NOTICE OF FORECLOSURE OF TAX LIENTo ________, the owner of the record title of the real estate hereinafter described, and toall mortgagees, lienholders, and other persons interested in the real estate:I, __________, county auditor of ____________ County, North Dakota, give notice thatthe real estate hereinafter described has a lien for delinquent taxes against it for the year<br>________ and unless the tax and special assessments, with interest, penalties, and cost of<br>foreclosure action are paid on or before October first, after the date of this notice, tax deeds will<br>be issued to the county, granting to and vesting in it, the absolute title in fee to the real property,<br>subject, however, to the lien for installments of special assessments certified or to be certified to<br>the county auditor or which may become due subsequent to the time of service of this notice, and<br>foreclosing all rights of the owner, mortgagees, lienholders, and other persons interested therein,<br>as may appear from the records of the recorder and the clerk of the district court of the county.<br>There is given herewith the description of the parcels of real estate, and set opposite each<br>description is the amount which will be required to satisfy the tax lien for the year __________.The property is described as follows, with the amount required to satisfy the tax lien setout opposite each description: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Given pursuant to authority of law on ______________, ________.County auditor of __________ County, North Dakota.57-28-06. Service of notice by publication. The county auditor shall serve notice offoreclosure by publication as to all property for which notice is served upon the owner by certified<br>mail.The notice may include any number of parcels of property and only one heading isnecessary for the entire list. The notice must contain the description and any street address of<br>each parcel of property. However, the failure to include the street address in the notice does not<br>affect the validity of the notice. The notice must be published once on or before August first in<br>the official newspaper of the county.57-28-07. Form of notice for publication. The notice of foreclosure of tax lien to beserved by publication must be substantially in the following form:I, __________, county auditor, of ___________ County, North Dakota, give noticethat the real estate hereinafter described has a lien for delinquent taxes against it for the<br>year _____, and unless the tax and special assessments, with interest, penalties, and<br>cost of foreclosure action are paid, on or before October first after the date of this notice,<br>the real estate will become the absolute property in fee of this county, subject to the lien<br>for installments of special assessments certified or to be certified to the county auditor or<br>which may become due subsequent to the time of service of this notice, and the former<br>owner, mortgagees, lienholders, and other interested persons therein will be forever<br>foreclosed and barred from asserting any further rights to the real estate. The following is<br>a list of the real estate on which the tax lien will be foreclosed on October first. OppositePage No. 2each description of the real estate appears any street address of the property, the name<br>of the owner of the record title, and the amount which must be paid to satisfy the tax lien.<br>(List descriptions, names of owners, and amount necessary to satisfy the tax lien.)Given pursuant to authority of law on ______________, ______.The failure to include the street address in the notice does not affect the validity of the notice.57-28-08. Effect of failure to satisfy tax lien. The failure of the owner, any mortgagee,or other lienholder to satisfy the tax lien before the date of foreclosure shall:1.Pass any interest of the owner, mortgagee, or lienholder in the property to the<br>county. The interest acquired by the county is subject to the lien for installments of<br>special assessments certified to the county auditor or which may become due after<br>the service of the notice of foreclosure of tax lien. The interest acquired by the<br>county is subject to an easement or right of way recorded with an effective date that<br>precedes the date of official notice to the record titleholder which states that property<br>taxes are delinquent and constitute a property lien.2.Foreclose all rights of satisfaction.3.Waive all errors, irregularities, or omissions which do not affect the substantial rights<br>of the parties, except jurisdictional defects.57-28-09. Tax deed to be issued. After the date of foreclosure for property with anunsatisfied tax lien, the county auditor shall issue a tax deed to the county or, in cases in which<br>the state engineer has made an assessment against the property under section 61-03-21.3, the<br>county auditor shall issue a tax deed to the state or, if the property was sold by another political<br>subdivision of this state within the ten years preceding the foreclosure, the county auditor shall<br>issue a tax deed to that political subdivision. The tax deed passes the property in fee to the<br>county, the state, or political subdivision, free from all encumbrances except installments of<br>special assessments certified to the county auditor or which may become due after the service of<br>the notice of foreclosure of tax lien, a homestead credit for special assessments lien provided for<br>in section 57-02-08.3, and an easement or right of way recorded with an effective date that<br>precedes the date of official notice to the record titleholder which states that property taxes are<br>delinquent and constitute a property lien. While the county, the state, or political subdivision<br>holds title under a tax deed, it is not liable for the payment of any installments of special<br>assessments which become due unless the board of county commissioners, the state, or political<br>subdivision has leased or contracted to sell the property. A deed issued under this section is<br>prima facie evidence of the truth and regularity of all facts and proceedings before the execution<br>of the deed.57-28-09.1. Form of tax deed. A tax deed must be substantially in the following form:TAX DEEDThis deed is made by _______ (name of county auditor), county auditor of _______County, North Dakota, in the name of the state to _______ (name of county) County, as provided<br>by the laws of the state of North Dakota:Whereas, there was assessed for _______ (year) the following real property: _______(legal description of the property); andWhereas, the taxes for _______ (year) levied against the property amounted to$_______; andWhereas, the taxes were not paid and a property tax lien for the payment of the taxesattached; andPage No. 3Whereas, notice was given to interested parties under chapter 57-28 of foreclosure of thetax lien and that the issuance of a tax deed was pending; andWhereas, the property tax lien has not been satisfied by _______ (name of former owner)or any other person entitled to satisfy it.Now, therefore, I _______ (auditor's name), county auditor of _______ County, NorthDakota, in the name of the state, hereby grant to _______ (name of county) County, all the<br>property situated in _______ County, North Dakota, described in this document.Witness my hand on this date _______ (date, including year)._______________, County Auditor<br>_______________ County, North Dakota57-28-10. Appraisal for annual sale - Minimum sale price. All property acquired bythe county by tax deed must be appraised by the board of county commissioners at least thirty<br>days before the annual sale under this chapter. The appraised price must be sufficient to cover<br>all taxes, special assessments, homestead credit for special assessments, penalties, interest,<br>and costs which were due against the property at the time of the service of the notice of<br>foreclosure of tax lien, plus an amount equal to the estimated taxes and special assessments for<br>the current assessment year. If the fair market value of the property is more than the total<br>amount due against the property, the minimum sale price of the property must be at least equal<br>to the total amount due against the property. If the fair market value of the property is less than<br>the total amount due against the property, the board shall fix a fair minimum sale price for the<br>property.57-28-11. Hearing on appraisal. After making the appraisal of property acquired by taxdeed, the board of county commissioners shall set a date for hearing objections to the minimum<br>sale price determined. At least ten days before the hearing, the county auditor shall mail to the<br>auditor of any city, or the clerk of the board of supervisors of any township, in which appraised<br>property is located a written notice stating the time when objections to the established minimum<br>sale price will be heard. Any member or representative of the governing body of any taxing<br>district may appear at the hearing with reference to the fair market value of appraised property,<br>and the board may make appropriate changes in the minimum sale price of property.57-28-12.Appeal.If dissatisfied with the determination of the board of countycommissioners under section 57-28-11, the governing body of any taxing district may appeal to<br>the district court under section 28-34-01. Appeals under this section must be heard by the court<br>without a jury. The county auditor shall make any changes in minimum sale price ordered by the<br>court.57-28-13. Time and place of annual sale. The annual sale of land acquired by taxdeed must be held at the county auditor's office or the usual place of holding district court in the<br>county beginning on the third Tuesday of November of each year.57-28-14. Notice of annual sale - Contents. Notice of the annual sale must include adescription, any street address, and minimum sale price for each parcel of property to be sold.<br>Notice must be given in both of the following manners:1.By posting a notice at the county auditor's office at least fifteen days before the date<br>of sale.2.By publishing a notice in the official newspaper of the county once, not less than ten<br>days before the date of sale.The failure to include the street address in the notice does not affect the validity of the notice.57-28-15. Annual sale at auction - Sale price - Terms of payment. The annual salemust be conducted in the following manner:Page No. 41.Each parcel of land must be sold at auction to the highest qualified bidder for no less<br>than the minimum sale price as fixed before the sale. The sale may be made either<br>for cash or one-fourth of the purchase price in cash, and the balance in equal annual<br>installments over a period of not more than ten years. The purchaser may pay any<br>or all annual installments with interest before the agreed due date of the<br>installments.2.If the sale is for cash, the purchaser shall promptly pay the amount bid to the county<br>treasurer.3.If the purchase price is to be paid in installments, the purchaser shall pay the first<br>installment to the county treasurer and be given a contract for deed setting forth the<br>terms of the sale. The contract for deed must be executed by the purchaser, the<br>chairman of the board of county commissioners, and the county auditor.Thecontract must be in a form prescribed by the state tax commissioner. The contract<br>must give the county the right to cancel the contract by resolution and due notice<br>upon default by the purchaser.4.The original contract for deed must be filed with the county treasurer, who shall<br>record upon it all payments made by the purchaser.The interest rate for thecontract must be established by the board of county commissioners at no more than<br>twelve percent.5.Upon completion of a cash sale or payments under a contract for deed, the county<br>auditor shall execute and deliver a deed conveying to the purchaser the entire<br>interest of the county in the property.6.Upon the execution and delivery of the deed or contract for deed, the property<br>becomes taxable to the purchaser.7.A person is unqualified to be the highest bidder for property if the person owes<br>delinquent taxes to any county.57-28-16. Form of deed to purchaser. The deed which the county shall execute anddeliver to the purchaser must be substantially in the following form:COUNTY DEEDThis indenture made on __________, __________, between the county of___________, North Dakota, party of the first part, and ____________, party of the<br>second part, witnesseth:WHEREAS, the real property hereinafter described was acquired by the countythrough tax deed proceedings for the nonpayment of taxes levied and extended against<br>the property for the years of ______ to ______ inclusive, with interest and penalties,<br>amounting to the sum of __________ dollars; andWHEREAS, the real property was offered for sale, and sold, pursuant to authority oflaw, on _____________, ______, and at the sale, the second party became the<br>purchaser of the whole thereof, for the sum of ________ dollars, which has been paid in<br>full;NOW, THEREFORE, the county as party of the first part, in consideration of thepremises, and pursuant to authority of law, hereby does grant, bargain, sell, and convey<br>to the second party, the second party's heirs and assigns, that certain real property<br>situated in the county of ________, North Dakota, described as follows:To have and to hold the above described real property with all of the appurtenancesthereunto belonging to the party of the second part, ________ heirs and assigns forever.Page No. 5IN WITNESS WHEREOF ___________ and _____________, as chairman of theboard of county commissioners and county auditor, respectively, of said county, hereby<br>do set their hands the day and year first above written and do cause the seal of said<br>county to be affixed thereto.____________ County,North Dakota_____________________________________<br>Chairman, board of county commissioners<br>_____________________________________County auditorSTATE OF NORTH DAKOTACounty of _______________On _____________, ______, personally appeared before me, a notary public withinthe aforesaid county and state, __________ and __________, to me personally known to<br>be the chairman of the board of county commissioners and the auditor, respectively, of<br>said county, and acknowledged to me that they executed the foregoing deed for and on<br>behalf of said county._____________________________________My commission expires _____________.Notary Public, for _________ County,North Dakota.57-28-17. Sale between annual sales. Any property not sold at the annual Novembersale may be sold by the county auditor at private sale before the next annual November sale for<br>not less than the property's minimum sale price. A parcel of real estate against which an unpaid<br>special assessment continues as a lien under section 57-28-09 may be sold by the county<br>auditor free of the lien if the governing body of the city in which the property is located finds that<br>the sum of the minimum sale price and the unpaid special assessment exceeds the market value<br>of the property. If the governing body of the city makes this finding, it may cancel all or part of<br>the special assessment lien against the property to reduce the lien to an amount which, when<br>added to the minimum sale price, will be equal to the market value of the property. The action of<br>the governing body shall be certified by the city auditor or clerk to the county auditor. The county<br>auditor may then sell the property at private sale before the next annual November sale for not<br>less than the resulting amount. The purchaser acquires the property free from any part of any<br>lien for special assessment which was canceled by the governing body of the city, and the county<br>auditor shall remove from the record any canceled special assessments.Notwithstanding the provisions of this section or other provisions of law, any propertyacquired by the county which is subject to a special assessment lien for improvements made by<br>a city may be sold to that city for cash at any price agreed upon by the board of county<br>commissioners and the governing body of the city.57-28-17.1. Private sale between annual sales by nonexclusive listing agreements.The board of county commissioners may by resolution engage licensed real estate brokers to<br>attempt to sell property not sold at the annual November sale. The resolution must authorize<br>sale by way of nonexclusive listing agreements; describe the real property to be sold; provide a<br>maximum rate of fee, compensation, or commission; and provide that the county reserves the<br>right to reject any and all offers determined to be insufficient. Property that is subject to a special<br>assessment lien for improvements made by a city must first be offered for sale to the city.57-28-18. Terms of private sale and distribution of proceeds. Any private sale of realproperty made between the annual November sales must be made upon the same terms and<br>conditions as a sale may be made at the November sale. The sale of farmland acquired by the<br>county by tax deed is subject to any existing lease of the property for the year of the sale. If the<br>farmland is to be sold by private sale to any person other than the former owner or other<br>interested person, a deed or contract for deed may not be delivered to the purchaser until thirtyPage No. 6days after service by certified mail upon the former owner or other interested party of the pending<br>sale, the date when the sale will become final, and the amount required to repurchase the<br>property.For the purposes of this section, "other interested party" means the executor,administrator, parent, spouse, or child of the former owner who has notified the county auditor in<br>writing of that status, the address at which service may be made, and that the person should be<br>notified of the expiration of the period of repurchase in connection with any private sale of the<br>property.In case of the sale, contract for sale, or repurchase by the former owner of tax deedproperty during January, the property must be assessed and taxed for that year, and the<br>purchaser or repurchaser is entitled to the rental and landlord's share of crops on the property for<br>the year. In case of the sale, contract for sale, or repurchase by the former owner of tax deed<br>land after January, the property must not be assessed and taxed for that year, and the county is<br>entitled to the rental and landlord's share of the crops on the property for the year. The proceeds<br>realized from a sale between annual November sales must be apportioned in the same manner<br>as the proceeds of the annual November sale.57-28-19. Rights of repurchase. The former owner; the former owner's executor oradministrator; or any parent, spouse, or child of the former owner may repurchase any property<br>forfeited to the county under tax deed proceedings, so long as the tax title to the property<br>remains in the county. If any city has made a special assessment for public improvements<br>against the property and the special assessment has become delinquent and remains unpaid,<br>the city has a right to purchase the property for cash, at the appraised value, prior to that of any<br>party. Upon appraisal of the property, the county auditor shall give notice to the auditor of any<br>such city and the city has thirty days within which to exercise its priority right to purchase the<br>property under this section. A repurchase by a private party under this section may be for cash<br>or contract for deed made by and between the board of county commissioners and the former<br>owner; the executor or administrator of the former owner; or any parent, spouse, or child of the<br>former owner. The consideration of the repurchase contract with a private party must include:1.The total amount required to be paid to effect a satisfaction of tax lien.2.The total amount of all subsequent taxes and special assessments with interest,<br>penalties, and costs.If the fair market value of the property at the time of the repurchase is less than the amount to be<br>paid under subsections 1 and 2, the board shall fix a fair sale price for the property.If arepurchase under this section is by contract for deed, the party making the repurchase must pay<br>at least twenty-five percent of the total contract price in cash and the remainder must be payable<br>in no more than ten annual equal installments.The board of county commissioners shallestablish the rate of interest for a contract for deed under this section, not exceeding the prime<br>rate of interest established by the Bank of North Dakota for the month immediately preceding the<br>month in which the contract was entered. A contract for deed under this section must provide<br>that if the repurchaser or the successor in interest fails to pay one or more of the installments<br>when due, with interest, the board of county commissioners may cancel the contract and all<br>payments and improvements made by the repurchaser or the successor in interest will be<br>forfeited to the county as liquidated damages for breach of contract unless otherwise expressly<br>provided. Upon the completion of a cash sale or payments under a contract for deed under this<br>section, the county auditor shall execute and deliver a deed conveying to the repurchaser the<br>entire interest of the county in the property.Upon the execution and delivery of a deed orcontract for deed under this section, the property becomes taxable to the repurchaser. In case of<br>repurchase or contract for repurchase of tax deed property during January, the property must be<br>assessed and taxed for that year, and the repurchaser is entitled to the rental and landlord's<br>share of crops on the property for the year. In case of the repurchase or contract for repurchase<br>of tax deed land after January, the property must not be assessed and taxed for the current year,<br>and the county is entitled to the rental and landlord's share of crops on the property for the year.<br>The repurchase or contract for repurchase of tax deed farmland is subject to any existing farm<br>lease of the property for the year in which the repurchase or contract for repurchase is made.Page No. 757-28-19.1. Real estate sold to city or acquired by the county by tax deed to bemarketable. A city that has purchased property or a county that has acquired a tax deed to<br>property under this chapter is deemed to have marketable record title to the property if all of the<br>following apply:1.The county deed conveying the property has been recorded.2.The city or county has entered into possession of the property and continued its<br>possession for three months or longer.3.No lis pendens giving notice of the pendency of an action challenging the validity of<br>tax proceedings or of the deed has been recorded within three months of the date on<br>which the city or county entered into possession of the property.A city or county that is deemed to have marketable record title may convey title free of any claims<br>based on a defect in the process through which the city or county obtained title to the property. If<br>title of the city or county is deemed marketable under this section, a claimant who would be<br>entitled to some claim on the property because of a defect in the process by which the city or<br>county obtained title has instead the right to recover from the city or county the net value of that<br>claim, subject to the statutory restrictions on claims against a city or county. For the purpose of<br>this section, the fact of possession by the city or county may be shown of record by one or more<br>affidavits that contain the legal description of the property and show that the city or county<br>entered into possession of the property and continued possession for three months or longer.<br>The posting on the property of a sign or notice, legible from the street adjacent to the property,<br>stating that the property is owned or for sale by the city or county is an act of possession by the<br>city or county, but is not required.57-28-20. Disposition of proceeds of sales. All proceeds from the public or privatesale of property under this chapter must be apportioned as regular tax payments are apportioned<br>among and within taxing districts in which the property is located, as follows:1.The county treasurer shall issue a regular tax receipt in the name of the county,<br>beginning with the earliest year for which the taxes are delinquent. Tax receipts<br>must be written for the original amount of the tax, without penalty and interest. If the<br>property was sold for an amount sufficient to cover all outstanding taxes and special<br>assessments, tax receipts must be written for all such years, and any remaining<br>amount must be credited to the general fund of the county.2.If the property is sold under a contract, the county treasurer shall issue tax receipts,<br>beginning with the earliest year for which taxes or special assessments are<br>delinquent, without penalty and interest, and all subsequent payments made on the<br>contract must be applied to the earliest remaining unpaid taxes or special<br>assessments.Any payment under the contract after all taxes and specialassessments are paid must be credited to the county general fund.3.If the property is sold for less than the total amount of the taxes due, the treasurer<br>shall write tax receipts beginning with the earliest year and for as many subsequent<br>years as the proceeds realized from the sale will satisfy, and the remainder of any<br>unpaid general taxes or special assessments must be canceled by the board of<br>county commissioners.57-28-21. Cancellations from record. Repealed by S.L. 1999, ch. 503, <meta property="og:url" content="https://statutes.laws.com/test/" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Statutes" />
<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2019-12-27T23:25:16+00:00" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<h2>State Codes and Statutes</h2>
<a href='https://statutes.laws.com/'>Statutes</a> > <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota'>North-dakota</a> > <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota/t57'>T57</a> > <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota/t57/t57c28'>T57c28</a><br><br><a href="https://law.justia.com/codes/north-dakota/2009/t57/pdf/t57c28.pdf">Download pdf</a><br><div id="embed_document" style="width:625px; height:815px; text-align:center;">Loading PDF...</div><script type="text/javascript"> var pdf_url = 'https://law.justia.com/codes/north-dakota/2009/t57/pdf/t57c28.pdf'; $(document).ready(function() { var embedwindow = $("#embed_document"); if ($.browser.msie){ embedwindow.html('<embed src="'+pdf_url+'" width="100%" height="100%"></embed>'); } else { embedwindow.html('<iframe style="width:100%; height:100%;" src="https://docs.google.com/gview?url='+window.escape(pdf_url)+'&embedded=true" frameborder="0"></iframe>'); } });</script><br><br><noframes>CHAPTER 57-28RIGHTS OF COUNTY WHEN LANDS NOT REDEEMED57-28-01. Notice of foreclosure of tax lien to be given. On or before June first in eachyear, the county auditor shall give notice of foreclosure of tax lien for all property for which two or<br>more years have passed since the tax became due.57-28-02. When tax lien is foreclosed. The tax lien foreclosure date is October firstafter the service of the notice of foreclosure.57-28-03. Contents of notice of tax lien. Notice of foreclosure of tax lien must include:1.The description of the property.2.The amount of delinquent property taxes and special assessments, with penalties,<br>interest, and foreclosure costs, for the tax year foreclosed.3.The total amount required to satisfy the property tax lien.4.The time when the foreclosure will occur.57-28-04. Service of notice of foreclosure of lien.1.If the current assessment records show that a residential building is located on the<br>property, the county auditor shall deliver the notice of foreclosure of tax lien to the<br>sheriff who shall serve it or cause it to be served personally upon the owner, if<br>known to be a resident of this state. If the owner is a nonresident of this state, the<br>county auditor shall serve the notice by certified mail addressed to the owner at the<br>owner's last-known post-office address and determine whether personal service<br>upon any person is required under subsection 3. If the current assessment records<br>show that no residential building is located on the property, the auditor shall serve<br>the notice by certified mail addressed to the owner at the owner's last-known<br>post-office address.2.By March first, the county auditor shall request from the recorder and the clerk of the<br>district court a certified list giving the names and addresses of all persons who<br>appear to be interested as owners, mortgagees, lienholders, or otherwise in the<br>property except a person whose only interest is in an easement or right of way<br>recorded, or a mineral interest that was severed from the surface estate, before filing<br>of any unsatisfied lien or mortgage or before January first of the year following the<br>year for which the taxes were levied and to which the tax lien relates, upon whom<br>the notice of foreclosures must be served. The recorder and the clerk of the district<br>court shall provide the county auditor with the requested lists by April fifteenth<br>following the request.3.The notice must be served personally upon any person actually residing upon the<br>property subject to tax lien and upon any tenant or other person entitled to the<br>possession of the property as may appear from the records of the recorder.4.The county auditor shall serve the notice of foreclosure of tax lien upon each<br>mortgagee, lienholder, and other person with an interest in the property except a<br>person whose only interest is in a mineral interest that was severed from the surface<br>estate before the filing of any unsatisfied lien or mortgage or before January first of<br>the year following the year for which the taxes were levied and to which the notice of<br>foreclosure of tax lien relates, and upon whom personal service is not required by<br>this section, as shown by the records of the recorder or the clerk of the district court<br>of the county. The notice must be served by certified mail.Page No. 15.The expense of service of the notice, publication, and other foreclosure costs under<br>this chapter in the amount of fifty dollars must be added to the amount required to<br>satisfy the tax lien. The auditor or sheriff shall make proof of service by mail by<br>affidavit showing the names and addresses of all parties upon whom the notice was<br>served with the date of mailing in each case and shall attach the registry,<br>certification, and return receipts and file the affidavit and receipts with the original<br>notice of foreclosure of tax lien. Service by publication under this chapter must be<br>shown of record by filing of an affidavit of publication.57-28-05. Form of notice of foreclosure of tax lien service by certified mail. Thenotice of foreclosure of tax lien which the county auditor is required to serve by certified mail<br>must be substantially in the following form:NOTICE OF FORECLOSURE OF TAX LIENTo ________, the owner of the record title of the real estate hereinafter described, and toall mortgagees, lienholders, and other persons interested in the real estate:I, __________, county auditor of ____________ County, North Dakota, give notice thatthe real estate hereinafter described has a lien for delinquent taxes against it for the year<br>________ and unless the tax and special assessments, with interest, penalties, and cost of<br>foreclosure action are paid on or before October first, after the date of this notice, tax deeds will<br>be issued to the county, granting to and vesting in it, the absolute title in fee to the real property,<br>subject, however, to the lien for installments of special assessments certified or to be certified to<br>the county auditor or which may become due subsequent to the time of service of this notice, and<br>foreclosing all rights of the owner, mortgagees, lienholders, and other persons interested therein,<br>as may appear from the records of the recorder and the clerk of the district court of the county.<br>There is given herewith the description of the parcels of real estate, and set opposite each<br>description is the amount which will be required to satisfy the tax lien for the year __________.The property is described as follows, with the amount required to satisfy the tax lien setout opposite each description: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Given pursuant to authority of law on ______________, ________.County auditor of __________ County, North Dakota.57-28-06. Service of notice by publication. The county auditor shall serve notice offoreclosure by publication as to all property for which notice is served upon the owner by certified<br>mail.The notice may include any number of parcels of property and only one heading isnecessary for the entire list. The notice must contain the description and any street address of<br>each parcel of property. However, the failure to include the street address in the notice does not<br>affect the validity of the notice. The notice must be published once on or before August first in<br>the official newspaper of the county.57-28-07. Form of notice for publication. The notice of foreclosure of tax lien to beserved by publication must be substantially in the following form:I, __________, county auditor, of ___________ County, North Dakota, give noticethat the real estate hereinafter described has a lien for delinquent taxes against it for the<br>year _____, and unless the tax and special assessments, with interest, penalties, and<br>cost of foreclosure action are paid, on or before October first after the date of this notice,<br>the real estate will become the absolute property in fee of this county, subject to the lien<br>for installments of special assessments certified or to be certified to the county auditor or<br>which may become due subsequent to the time of service of this notice, and the former<br>owner, mortgagees, lienholders, and other interested persons therein will be forever<br>foreclosed and barred from asserting any further rights to the real estate. The following is<br>a list of the real estate on which the tax lien will be foreclosed on October first. OppositePage No. 2each description of the real estate appears any street address of the property, the name<br>of the owner of the record title, and the amount which must be paid to satisfy the tax lien.<br>(List descriptions, names of owners, and amount necessary to satisfy the tax lien.)Given pursuant to authority of law on ______________, ______.The failure to include the street address in the notice does not affect the validity of the notice.57-28-08. Effect of failure to satisfy tax lien. The failure of the owner, any mortgagee,or other lienholder to satisfy the tax lien before the date of foreclosure shall:1.Pass any interest of the owner, mortgagee, or lienholder in the property to the<br>county. The interest acquired by the county is subject to the lien for installments of<br>special assessments certified to the county auditor or which may become due after<br>the service of the notice of foreclosure of tax lien. The interest acquired by the<br>county is subject to an easement or right of way recorded with an effective date that<br>precedes the date of official notice to the record titleholder which states that property<br>taxes are delinquent and constitute a property lien.2.Foreclose all rights of satisfaction.3.Waive all errors, irregularities, or omissions which do not affect the substantial rights<br>of the parties, except jurisdictional defects.57-28-09. Tax deed to be issued. After the date of foreclosure for property with anunsatisfied tax lien, the county auditor shall issue a tax deed to the county or, in cases in which<br>the state engineer has made an assessment against the property under section 61-03-21.3, the<br>county auditor shall issue a tax deed to the state or, if the property was sold by another political<br>subdivision of this state within the ten years preceding the foreclosure, the county auditor shall<br>issue a tax deed to that political subdivision. The tax deed passes the property in fee to the<br>county, the state, or political subdivision, free from all encumbrances except installments of<br>special assessments certified to the county auditor or which may become due after the service of<br>the notice of foreclosure of tax lien, a homestead credit for special assessments lien provided for<br>in section 57-02-08.3, and an easement or right of way recorded with an effective date that<br>precedes the date of official notice to the record titleholder which states that property taxes are<br>delinquent and constitute a property lien. While the county, the state, or political subdivision<br>holds title under a tax deed, it is not liable for the payment of any installments of special<br>assessments which become due unless the board of county commissioners, the state, or political<br>subdivision has leased or contracted to sell the property. A deed issued under this section is<br>prima facie evidence of the truth and regularity of all facts and proceedings before the execution<br>of the deed.57-28-09.1. Form of tax deed. A tax deed must be substantially in the following form:TAX DEEDThis deed is made by _______ (name of county auditor), county auditor of _______County, North Dakota, in the name of the state to _______ (name of county) County, as provided<br>by the laws of the state of North Dakota:Whereas, there was assessed for _______ (year) the following real property: _______(legal description of the property); andWhereas, the taxes for _______ (year) levied against the property amounted to$_______; andWhereas, the taxes were not paid and a property tax lien for the payment of the taxesattached; andPage No. 3Whereas, notice was given to interested parties under chapter 57-28 of foreclosure of thetax lien and that the issuance of a tax deed was pending; andWhereas, the property tax lien has not been satisfied by _______ (name of former owner)or any other person entitled to satisfy it.Now, therefore, I _______ (auditor's name), county auditor of _______ County, NorthDakota, in the name of the state, hereby grant to _______ (name of county) County, all the<br>property situated in _______ County, North Dakota, described in this document.Witness my hand on this date _______ (date, including year)._______________, County Auditor<br>_______________ County, North Dakota57-28-10. Appraisal for annual sale - Minimum sale price. All property acquired bythe county by tax deed must be appraised by the board of county commissioners at least thirty<br>days before the annual sale under this chapter. The appraised price must be sufficient to cover<br>all taxes, special assessments, homestead credit for special assessments, penalties, interest,<br>and costs which were due against the property at the time of the service of the notice of<br>foreclosure of tax lien, plus an amount equal to the estimated taxes and special assessments for<br>the current assessment year. If the fair market value of the property is more than the total<br>amount due against the property, the minimum sale price of the property must be at least equal<br>to the total amount due against the property. If the fair market value of the property is less than<br>the total amount due against the property, the board shall fix a fair minimum sale price for the<br>property.57-28-11. Hearing on appraisal. After making the appraisal of property acquired by taxdeed, the board of county commissioners shall set a date for hearing objections to the minimum<br>sale price determined. At least ten days before the hearing, the county auditor shall mail to the<br>auditor of any city, or the clerk of the board of supervisors of any township, in which appraised<br>property is located a written notice stating the time when objections to the established minimum<br>sale price will be heard. Any member or representative of the governing body of any taxing<br>district may appear at the hearing with reference to the fair market value of appraised property,<br>and the board may make appropriate changes in the minimum sale price of property.57-28-12.Appeal.If dissatisfied with the determination of the board of countycommissioners under section 57-28-11, the governing body of any taxing district may appeal to<br>the district court under section 28-34-01. Appeals under this section must be heard by the court<br>without a jury. The county auditor shall make any changes in minimum sale price ordered by the<br>court.57-28-13. Time and place of annual sale. The annual sale of land acquired by taxdeed must be held at the county auditor's office or the usual place of holding district court in the<br>county beginning on the third Tuesday of November of each year.57-28-14. Notice of annual sale - Contents. Notice of the annual sale must include adescription, any street address, and minimum sale price for each parcel of property to be sold.<br>Notice must be given in both of the following manners:1.By posting a notice at the county auditor's office at least fifteen days before the date<br>of sale.2.By publishing a notice in the official newspaper of the county once, not less than ten<br>days before the date of sale.The failure to include the street address in the notice does not affect the validity of the notice.57-28-15. Annual sale at auction - Sale price - Terms of payment. The annual salemust be conducted in the following manner:Page No. 41.Each parcel of land must be sold at auction to the highest qualified bidder for no less<br>than the minimum sale price as fixed before the sale. The sale may be made either<br>for cash or one-fourth of the purchase price in cash, and the balance in equal annual<br>installments over a period of not more than ten years. The purchaser may pay any<br>or all annual installments with interest before the agreed due date of the<br>installments.2.If the sale is for cash, the purchaser shall promptly pay the amount bid to the county<br>treasurer.3.If the purchase price is to be paid in installments, the purchaser shall pay the first<br>installment to the county treasurer and be given a contract for deed setting forth the<br>terms of the sale. The contract for deed must be executed by the purchaser, the<br>chairman of the board of county commissioners, and the county auditor.Thecontract must be in a form prescribed by the state tax commissioner. The contract<br>must give the county the right to cancel the contract by resolution and due notice<br>upon default by the purchaser.4.The original contract for deed must be filed with the county treasurer, who shall<br>record upon it all payments made by the purchaser.The interest rate for thecontract must be established by the board of county commissioners at no more than<br>twelve percent.5.Upon completion of a cash sale or payments under a contract for deed, the county<br>auditor shall execute and deliver a deed conveying to the purchaser the entire<br>interest of the county in the property.6.Upon the execution and delivery of the deed or contract for deed, the property<br>becomes taxable to the purchaser.7.A person is unqualified to be the highest bidder for property if the person owes<br>delinquent taxes to any county.57-28-16. Form of deed to purchaser. The deed which the county shall execute anddeliver to the purchaser must be substantially in the following form:COUNTY DEEDThis indenture made on __________, __________, between the county of___________, North Dakota, party of the first part, and ____________, party of the<br>second part, witnesseth:WHEREAS, the real property hereinafter described was acquired by the countythrough tax deed proceedings for the nonpayment of taxes levied and extended against<br>the property for the years of ______ to ______ inclusive, with interest and penalties,<br>amounting to the sum of __________ dollars; andWHEREAS, the real property was offered for sale, and sold, pursuant to authority oflaw, on _____________, ______, and at the sale, the second party became the<br>purchaser of the whole thereof, for the sum of ________ dollars, which has been paid in<br>full;NOW, THEREFORE, the county as party of the first part, in consideration of thepremises, and pursuant to authority of law, hereby does grant, bargain, sell, and convey<br>to the second party, the second party's heirs and assigns, that certain real property<br>situated in the county of ________, North Dakota, described as follows:To have and to hold the above described real property with all of the appurtenancesthereunto belonging to the party of the second part, ________ heirs and assigns forever.Page No. 5IN WITNESS WHEREOF ___________ and _____________, as chairman of theboard of county commissioners and county auditor, respectively, of said county, hereby<br>do set their hands the day and year first above written and do cause the seal of said<br>county to be affixed thereto.____________ County,North Dakota_____________________________________<br>Chairman, board of county commissioners<br>_____________________________________County auditorSTATE OF NORTH DAKOTACounty of _______________On _____________, ______, personally appeared before me, a notary public withinthe aforesaid county and state, __________ and __________, to me personally known to<br>be the chairman of the board of county commissioners and the auditor, respectively, of<br>said county, and acknowledged to me that they executed the foregoing deed for and on<br>behalf of said county._____________________________________My commission expires _____________.Notary Public, for _________ County,North Dakota.57-28-17. Sale between annual sales. Any property not sold at the annual Novembersale may be sold by the county auditor at private sale before the next annual November sale for<br>not less than the property's minimum sale price. A parcel of real estate against which an unpaid<br>special assessment continues as a lien under section 57-28-09 may be sold by the county<br>auditor free of the lien if the governing body of the city in which the property is located finds that<br>the sum of the minimum sale price and the unpaid special assessment exceeds the market value<br>of the property. If the governing body of the city makes this finding, it may cancel all or part of<br>the special assessment lien against the property to reduce the lien to an amount which, when<br>added to the minimum sale price, will be equal to the market value of the property. The action of<br>the governing body shall be certified by the city auditor or clerk to the county auditor. The county<br>auditor may then sell the property at private sale before the next annual November sale for not<br>less than the resulting amount. The purchaser acquires the property free from any part of any<br>lien for special assessment which was canceled by the governing body of the city, and the county<br>auditor shall remove from the record any canceled special assessments.Notwithstanding the provisions of this section or other provisions of law, any propertyacquired by the county which is subject to a special assessment lien for improvements made by<br>a city may be sold to that city for cash at any price agreed upon by the board of county<br>commissioners and the governing body of the city.57-28-17.1. Private sale between annual sales by nonexclusive listing agreements.The board of county commissioners may by resolution engage licensed real estate brokers to<br>attempt to sell property not sold at the annual November sale. The resolution must authorize<br>sale by way of nonexclusive listing agreements; describe the real property to be sold; provide a<br>maximum rate of fee, compensation, or commission; and provide that the county reserves the<br>right to reject any and all offers determined to be insufficient. Property that is subject to a special<br>assessment lien for improvements made by a city must first be offered for sale to the city.57-28-18. Terms of private sale and distribution of proceeds. Any private sale of realproperty made between the annual November sales must be made upon the same terms and<br>conditions as a sale may be made at the November sale. The sale of farmland acquired by the<br>county by tax deed is subject to any existing lease of the property for the year of the sale. If the<br>farmland is to be sold by private sale to any person other than the former owner or other<br>interested person, a deed or contract for deed may not be delivered to the purchaser until thirtyPage No. 6days after service by certified mail upon the former owner or other interested party of the pending<br>sale, the date when the sale will become final, and the amount required to repurchase the<br>property.For the purposes of this section, "other interested party" means the executor,administrator, parent, spouse, or child of the former owner who has notified the county auditor in<br>writing of that status, the address at which service may be made, and that the person should be<br>notified of the expiration of the period of repurchase in connection with any private sale of the<br>property.In case of the sale, contract for sale, or repurchase by the former owner of tax deedproperty during January, the property must be assessed and taxed for that year, and the<br>purchaser or repurchaser is entitled to the rental and landlord's share of crops on the property for<br>the year. In case of the sale, contract for sale, or repurchase by the former owner of tax deed<br>land after January, the property must not be assessed and taxed for that year, and the county is<br>entitled to the rental and landlord's share of the crops on the property for the year. The proceeds<br>realized from a sale between annual November sales must be apportioned in the same manner<br>as the proceeds of the annual November sale.57-28-19. Rights of repurchase. The former owner; the former owner's executor oradministrator; or any parent, spouse, or child of the former owner may repurchase any property<br>forfeited to the county under tax deed proceedings, so long as the tax title to the property<br>remains in the county. If any city has made a special assessment for public improvements<br>against the property and the special assessment has become delinquent and remains unpaid,<br>the city has a right to purchase the property for cash, at the appraised value, prior to that of any<br>party. Upon appraisal of the property, the county auditor shall give notice to the auditor of any<br>such city and the city has thirty days within which to exercise its priority right to purchase the<br>property under this section. A repurchase by a private party under this section may be for cash<br>or contract for deed made by and between the board of county commissioners and the former<br>owner; the executor or administrator of the former owner; or any parent, spouse, or child of the<br>former owner. The consideration of the repurchase contract with a private party must include:1.The total amount required to be paid to effect a satisfaction of tax lien.2.The total amount of all subsequent taxes and special assessments with interest,<br>penalties, and costs.If the fair market value of the property at the time of the repurchase is less than the amount to be<br>paid under subsections 1 and 2, the board shall fix a fair sale price for the property.If arepurchase under this section is by contract for deed, the party making the repurchase must pay<br>at least twenty-five percent of the total contract price in cash and the remainder must be payable<br>in no more than ten annual equal installments.The board of county commissioners shallestablish the rate of interest for a contract for deed under this section, not exceeding the prime<br>rate of interest established by the Bank of North Dakota for the month immediately preceding the<br>month in which the contract was entered. A contract for deed under this section must provide<br>that if the repurchaser or the successor in interest fails to pay one or more of the installments<br>when due, with interest, the board of county commissioners may cancel the contract and all<br>payments and improvements made by the repurchaser or the successor in interest will be<br>forfeited to the county as liquidated damages for breach of contract unless otherwise expressly<br>provided. Upon the completion of a cash sale or payments under a contract for deed under this<br>section, the county auditor shall execute and deliver a deed conveying to the repurchaser the<br>entire interest of the county in the property.Upon the execution and delivery of a deed orcontract for deed under this section, the property becomes taxable to the repurchaser. In case of<br>repurchase or contract for repurchase of tax deed property during January, the property must be<br>assessed and taxed for that year, and the repurchaser is entitled to the rental and landlord's<br>share of crops on the property for the year. In case of the repurchase or contract for repurchase<br>of tax deed land after January, the property must not be assessed and taxed for the current year,<br>and the county is entitled to the rental and landlord's share of crops on the property for the year.<br>The repurchase or contract for repurchase of tax deed farmland is subject to any existing farm<br>lease of the property for the year in which the repurchase or contract for repurchase is made.Page No. 757-28-19.1. Real estate sold to city or acquired by the county by tax deed to bemarketable. A city that has purchased property or a county that has acquired a tax deed to<br>property under this chapter is deemed to have marketable record title to the property if all of the<br>following apply:1.The county deed conveying the property has been recorded.2.The city or county has entered into possession of the property and continued its<br>possession for three months or longer.3.No lis pendens giving notice of the pendency of an action challenging the validity of<br>tax proceedings or of the deed has been recorded within three months of the date on<br>which the city or county entered into possession of the property.A city or county that is deemed to have marketable record title may convey title free of any claims<br>based on a defect in the process through which the city or county obtained title to the property. If<br>title of the city or county is deemed marketable under this section, a claimant who would be<br>entitled to some claim on the property because of a defect in the process by which the city or<br>county obtained title has instead the right to recover from the city or county the net value of that<br>claim, subject to the statutory restrictions on claims against a city or county. For the purpose of<br>this section, the fact of possession by the city or county may be shown of record by one or more<br>affidavits that contain the legal description of the property and show that the city or county<br>entered into possession of the property and continued possession for three months or longer.<br>The posting on the property of a sign or notice, legible from the street adjacent to the property,<br>stating that the property is owned or for sale by the city or county is an act of possession by the<br>city or county, but is not required.57-28-20. Disposition of proceeds of sales. All proceeds from the public or privatesale of property under this chapter must be apportioned as regular tax payments are apportioned<br>among and within taxing districts in which the property is located, as follows:1.The county treasurer shall issue a regular tax receipt in the name of the county,<br>beginning with the earliest year for which the taxes are delinquent. Tax receipts<br>must be written for the original amount of the tax, without penalty and interest. If the<br>property was sold for an amount sufficient to cover all outstanding taxes and special<br>assessments, tax receipts must be written for all such years, and any remaining<br>amount must be credited to the general fund of the county.2.If the property is sold under a contract, the county treasurer shall issue tax receipts,<br>beginning with the earliest year for which taxes or special assessments are<br>delinquent, without penalty and interest, and all subsequent payments made on the<br>contract must be applied to the earliest remaining unpaid taxes or special<br>assessments.Any payment under the contract after all taxes and specialassessments are paid must be credited to the county general fund.3.If the property is sold for less than the total amount of the taxes due, the treasurer<br>shall write tax receipts beginning with the earliest year and for as many subsequent<br>years as the proceeds realized from the sale will satisfy, and the remainder of any<br>unpaid general taxes or special assessments must be canceled by the board of<br>county commissioners.57-28-21. Cancellations from record. Repealed by S.L. 1999, ch. 503, <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://statutes.laws.com/test/","url":"https://statutes.laws.com/test/","name":"State Codes and Statutes - Statutes","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://statutes.laws.com/#website"},"datePublished":"2015-03-10T03:31:37+00:00","dateModified":"2019-12-27T23:25:16+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://statutes.laws.com/test/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://statutes.laws.com/test/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://statutes.laws.com/test/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://statutes.laws.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"State Codes and Statutes"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://statutes.laws.com/#website","url":"https://statutes.laws.com/","name":"Statutes","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://statutes.laws.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}</script>
<!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Statutes » Feed" href="https://statutes.laws.com/feed/" />
<script type="text/javascript">
/* <![CDATA[ */
window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/statutes.laws.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7"}};
/*! This file is auto-generated */
!function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff","\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200b\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings);
/* ]]]]><![CDATA[> */
</script>
<style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
img.wp-smiley, img.emoji {
display: inline !important;
border: none !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
height: 1em !important;
width: 1em !important;
margin: 0 0.07em !important;
vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
background: none !important;
padding: 0 !important;
}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
/*! This file is auto-generated */
.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}
</style>
<style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
.wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;}
:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}
:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}
.wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='contact-form-7-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/css/styles.css?ver=5.9.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='redux-extendify-styles-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/redux-framework/redux-core/assets/css/extendify-utilities.css?ver=4.4.15' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='google-fonts-2-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Titillium+Web&subset=latin&ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='reset-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/reset.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=4.7.0' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='main-stylesheet-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/main-stylesheet.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='shortcode-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/shortcode.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='lightbox-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/lightbox.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='dat-menu-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/dat-menu.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='responsive-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/responsive.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<!--[if lt IE 8]>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='ie-only-styles-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/css/ie-ancient.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<![endif]-->
<link rel='stylesheet' id='dynamic-css-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=ot_dynamic_css&ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='style-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/style.css?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-icons-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/eicons/css/elementor-icons.min.css?ver=5.23.0' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-frontend-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/frontend-lite.min.css?ver=3.17.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='swiper-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/swiper/css/swiper.min.css?ver=5.3.6' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-post-248-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/elementor/css/post-248.css?ver=1699721364' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-pro-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/css/frontend-lite.min.css?ver=3.16.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-global-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/elementor/css/global.css?ver=1699721365' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='toc-screen-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/table-of-contents-plus/screen.min.css?ver=2309' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='google-fonts-1-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C200%2C200italic%2C300%2C300italic%2C400%2C400italic%2C500%2C500italic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C800%2C800italic%2C900%2C900italic%7CRoboto+Slab%3A100%2C100italic%2C200%2C200italic%2C300%2C300italic%2C400%2C400italic%2C500%2C500italic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C800%2C800italic%2C900%2C900italic&display=auto&ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" crossorigin><script type="text/javascript" id="jquery-core-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var ot = {"THEME_NAME":"legatus","adminUrl":"https:\/\/statutes.laws.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","gallery_id":"","galleryCat":"","imageUrl":"https:\/\/statutes.laws.com\/wp-content\/themes\/legatus\/images\/","cssUrl":"https:\/\/statutes.laws.com\/wp-content\/themes\/legatus\/css\/","themeUrl":"https:\/\/statutes.laws.com\/wp-content\/themes\/legatus"};
/* ]]]]><![CDATA[> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script>
<script></script><link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/19" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://statutes.laws.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
<link rel='shortlink' href='https://statutes.laws.com/?p=19' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstatutes.laws.com%2Ftest%2F" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstatutes.laws.com%2Ftest%2F&format=xml" />
<meta name="generator" content="Redux 4.4.15" /><script type="text/javascript">
(function(url){
if(/(?:Chrome\/26\.0\.1410\.63 Safari\/537\.31|WordfenceTestMonBot)/.test(navigator.userAgent)){ return; }
var addEvent = function(evt, handler) {
if (window.addEventListener) {
document.addEventListener(evt, handler, false);
} else if (window.attachEvent) {
document.attachEvent('on' + evt, handler);
}
};
var removeEvent = function(evt, handler) {
if (window.removeEventListener) {
document.removeEventListener(evt, handler, false);
} else if (window.detachEvent) {
document.detachEvent('on' + evt, handler);
}
};
var evts = 'contextmenu dblclick drag dragend dragenter dragleave dragover dragstart drop keydown keypress keyup mousedown mousemove mouseout mouseover mouseup mousewheel scroll'.split(' ');
var logHuman = function() {
if (window.wfLogHumanRan) { return; }
window.wfLogHumanRan = true;
var wfscr = document.createElement('script');
wfscr.type = 'text/javascript';
wfscr.async = true;
wfscr.src = url + '&r=' + Math.random();
(document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(wfscr);
for (var i = 0; i < evts.length; i++) {
removeEvent(evts[i], logHuman);
}
};
for (var i = 0; i < evts.length; i++) {
addEvent(evts[i], logHuman);
}
})('//statutes.laws.com/?wordfence_lh=1&hid=BD8CF6A862D3675085200C6143F316EF');
</script><meta name="generator" content="Elementor 3.17.3; features: e_dom_optimization, e_optimized_assets_loading, e_optimized_css_loading, additional_custom_breakpoints; settings: css_print_method-external, google_font-enabled, font_display-auto">
<meta name="generator" content="Powered by WPBakery Page Builder - drag and drop page builder for WordPress."/>
<meta name="generator" content="Powered by Slider Revolution 6.6.11 - responsive, Mobile-Friendly Slider Plugin for WordPress with comfortable drag and drop interface." />
<!-- Clicky Web Analytics - https://clicky.com, WordPress Plugin by Yoast - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/clicky/ --><script type='text/javascript'>
function clicky_gc(name) {
var ca = document.cookie.split(';');
for (var i in ca) {
if (ca[i].indexOf(name + '=') != -1) {
return decodeURIComponent(ca[i].split('=')[1]);
}
}
return '';
}
var username_check = clicky_gc('"comment_author_d2f3dac10cedf763d31d1d5e708a3685"');
if (username_check) var clicky_custom_session = {username: username_check};
</script>
<script>
var clicky_site_ids = clicky_site_ids || [];
clicky_site_ids.push("100851447");
</script>
<script async src="//static.getclicky.com/js"></script><script>function setREVStartSize(e){
//window.requestAnimationFrame(function() {
window.RSIW = window.RSIW===undefined ? window.innerWidth : window.RSIW;
window.RSIH = window.RSIH===undefined ? window.innerHeight : window.RSIH;
try {
var pw = document.getElementById(e.c).parentNode.offsetWidth,
newh;
pw = pw===0 || isNaN(pw) || (e.l=="fullwidth" || e.layout=="fullwidth") ? window.RSIW : pw;
e.tabw = e.tabw===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.tabw);
e.thumbw = e.thumbw===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.thumbw);
e.tabh = e.tabh===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.tabh);
e.thumbh = e.thumbh===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.thumbh);
e.tabhide = e.tabhide===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.tabhide);
e.thumbhide = e.thumbhide===undefined ? 0 : parseInt(e.thumbhide);
e.mh = e.mh===undefined || e.mh=="" || e.mh==="auto" ? 0 : parseInt(e.mh,0);
if(e.layout==="fullscreen" || e.l==="fullscreen")
newh = Math.max(e.mh,window.RSIH);
else{
e.gw = Array.isArray(e.gw) ? e.gw : [e.gw];
for (var i in e.rl) if (e.gw[i]===undefined || e.gw[i]===0) e.gw[i] = e.gw[i-1];
e.gh = e.el===undefined || e.el==="" || (Array.isArray(e.el) && e.el.length==0)? e.gh : e.el;
e.gh = Array.isArray(e.gh) ? e.gh : [e.gh];
for (var i in e.rl) if (e.gh[i]===undefined || e.gh[i]===0) e.gh[i] = e.gh[i-1];
var nl = new Array(e.rl.length),
ix = 0,
sl;
e.tabw = e.tabhide>=pw ? 0 : e.tabw;
e.thumbw = e.thumbhide>=pw ? 0 : e.thumbw;
e.tabh = e.tabhide>=pw ? 0 : e.tabh;
e.thumbh = e.thumbhide>=pw ? 0 : e.thumbh;
for (var i in e.rl) nl[i] = e.rl[i]<window.RSIW ? 0 : e.rl[i];
sl = nl[0];
for (var i in nl) if (sl>nl[i] && nl[i]>0) { sl = nl[i]; ix=i;}
var m = pw>(e.gw[ix]+e.tabw+e.thumbw) ? 1 : (pw-(e.tabw+e.thumbw)) / (e.gw[ix]);
newh = (e.gh[ix] * m) + (e.tabh + e.thumbh);
}
var el = document.getElementById(e.c);
if (el!==null && el) el.style.height = newh+"px";
el = document.getElementById(e.c+"_wrapper");
if (el!==null && el) {
el.style.height = newh+"px";
el.style.display = "block";
}
} catch(e){
console.log("Failure at Presize of Slider:" + e)
}
//});
};</script>
<noscript><style> .wpb_animate_when_almost_visible { opacity: 1; }</style></noscript> <style>
body {
background: none !important;
}
</style>
<!-- END head -->
</head>
<!-- BEGIN body -->
<body class="page-template-default page page-id-19 wpb-js-composer js-comp-ver-7.5 vc_responsive elementor-default elementor-kit-248 elementor-page elementor-page-19">
<!-- BEGIN .boxed -->
<div class="boxed">
<!-- BEGIN .header -->
<div class="header">
<!-- BEGIN .header-very-top -->
<div class="header-very-top">
<!-- BEGIN .wrapper -->
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="left">
<ul class="ot-menu very-top-menu load-responsive" rel="Top Menu"><li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com" class="icon-text"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a></li><li id="menu-item-154" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-1 single"><a href="https://www.laws.com/">Laws</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-155" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-2 single"><a href="https://lawyer.laws.com/">Lawyers</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-156" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-3 single"><a href="https://find.laws.com/">Find Laws</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-157" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-4 single"><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/">Legal Forms</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-158" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-5 single"><a href="https://state-laws.laws.com/">State Laws</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="clear-float"></div>
</div>
<div class="double-split"></div>
<!-- END .header-very-top -->
</div>
<!-- BEGIN .header-middle -->
<div class="header-middle">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="banner">
<div class="banner-block">
</div>
</div>
<div class="clear-float"></div>
</div>
<!-- END .header-middle -->
</div>
<!-- BEGIN .header-menu -->
<div class="header-menu thisisfixed">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="logo-image">
<!--<h1></h1>-->
<a href="https://statutes.laws.com"><img class="logo" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/images/logo.png" alt="Statutes" /></a>
</div>
<ul class="menu main-menu" ><li id="menu-item-148" class="normal-drop no-description menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-1" style="background:#264C84; color:#264C84; "><a href="https://www.laws.com/">Laws</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-149" class="normal-drop no-description menu_red menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-2"><a href="https://lawyer.laws.com/">Lawyers</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-150" class="normal-drop no-description menu_green menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-3"><a href="https://find.laws.com/">Find Laws</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-152" class="normal-drop no-description menu_boldred menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-4"><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/">Legal Forms</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-151" class="normal-drop no-description menu_blue menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom custom-class-5"><a href="https://state-laws.laws.com/">State Laws</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="clear-float"></div>
</div>
<!-- END .header-menu -->
</div>
<!-- BEGIN .header-undermenu -->
<div class="header-undermenu">
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="clear-float"></div>
</div>
<!-- END .header-undermenu -->
</div>
<!-- Begin add search bar -->
<br />
<div class="wrapper">
<!-- add search bar - Peter - May 2015 -->
<style>
.input-txt-bigger{background:url(https://laws.com/uploads/input-txt-bigger.jpg) no-repeat;width:100%;height:30px;color:#5a8bb7;padding:0px 10px;padding:6px 10px\9;float:left;border:0px;font-size:16px}
.input-btn{background:url(https://laws.com/uploads/input-btn-blue.png) no-repeat;width:100%;height:30px;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;margin-left:10px;text-align:center;float:left;border:0px;cursor:pointer}
</style>
<form action="https://laws.com/searchresults" method="get">
<input type="text" id="qucik-key" name="sname" value="Search Laws" onfocus="if(this.value=='Search Laws' || this.value=='') this.value='';" onblur="if(this.value=='') this.value='Search Laws';" class="input-txt-bigger" style="background:none;border:2px solid #1661B2;width:75%;height:55px;font-size:30px;font-weight:bold" /> <input type="submit" class="input-btn" value="SEARCH" style="width:167px;height:55px;font-size:20px;background:url(https://laws.com/uploads/input-btn-blue-big.png) no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent" />
</form>
<!-- End add search bar - Peter - May 2015 -->
</div>
<div style="height: 70px;"></div>
<!-- Begin add search bar -->
<!-- END .header -->
</div>
<!-- BEGIN .content -->
<div class="content">
<!-- BEGIN .wrapper -->
<div class="wrapper">
<!-- BEGIN .main-content-left -->
<div class="main-content-left">
<div class="social-icons-float">
<span class="soc-header">Share</span>
<span class="social-icon">
<span class="social-count"><span class="count">0</span><span class="social-arrow"> </span></span>
<a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://statutes.laws.com/test/" data-url="https://statutes.laws.com/test/" class="social-button ot-share" style="background:#495fbd;"><i class="fa fa-facebook"></i><font>Share</font></a>
</span>
<span class="social-icon">
<span class="social-count"><span class="count">0</span><span class="social-arrow"> </span></span>
<a href="#" data-hashtags="" data-url="https://statutes.laws.com/test/" data-via="" data-text="State Codes and Statutes" class="social-button ot-tweet" style="background:#43bedd;"><i class="fa fa-twitter"></i><font>Tweet</font></a>
</span>
<span class="social-icon">
<span class="social-count">0<span class="social-arrow"> </span></span>
<a href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https://statutes.laws.com/test/" class="social-button ot-pluss" style="background:#df6149;"><i class="fa fa-google-plus"></i><font>+1</font></a>
</span>
<span class="social-icon">
<span class="social-count"><span class="count">0</span><span class="social-arrow"> </span></span>
<a href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://statutes.laws.com/test/&title=State Codes and Statutes" class="social-button ot-link" style="background:#264c84;" data-url="https://statutes.laws.com/test/"><i class="fa fa-linkedin"></i><font>Share</font></a>
</span>
</div>
<!-- 27.04.15 - BEGIN box search -->
<!-- Adding the ads for legal-forms - Peter - 27-4-2015 -->
<!-- End Adding the ads for legal-forms - Peter - 27-4-2015 -->
<!-- 27.04.15 - END box search -->
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="content-article-title">
<h2>State Codes and Statutes</h2>
<div class="right-title-side">
<br/>
<a href="https://statutes.laws.com"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>Back To Homepage</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="main-article-content">
<!-- BEGIN .shortcode-content -->
<div class="shortcode-content">
<h2>State Codes and Statutes</h2>
<a href='https://statutes.laws.com/'>Statutes</a> > <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota'>North-dakota</a> > <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota/t57'>T57</a> > <a href='https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota/t57/t57c28'>T57c28</a><br><br><a href="https://law.justia.com/codes/north-dakota/2009/t57/pdf/t57c28.pdf">Download pdf</a><br><div id="embed_document" style="width:625px; height:815px; text-align:center;">Loading PDF...</div><script type="text/javascript"> var pdf_url = 'https://law.justia.com/codes/north-dakota/2009/t57/pdf/t57c28.pdf'; $(document).ready(function() { var embedwindow = $("#embed_document"); if ($.browser.msie){ embedwindow.html('<embed src="'+pdf_url+'" width="100%" height="100%"></embed>'); } else { embedwindow.html('<iframe style="width:100%; height:100%;" src="https://docs.google.com/gview?url='+window.escape(pdf_url)+'&embedded=true" frameborder="0"></iframe>'); } });</script><br><br><noframes>CHAPTER 57-28RIGHTS OF COUNTY WHEN LANDS NOT REDEEMED57-28-01. Notice of foreclosure of tax lien to be given. On or before June first in eachyear, the county auditor shall give notice of foreclosure of tax lien for all property for which two or<br>more years have passed since the tax became due.57-28-02. When tax lien is foreclosed. The tax lien foreclosure date is October firstafter the service of the notice of foreclosure.57-28-03. Contents of notice of tax lien. Notice of foreclosure of tax lien must include:1.The description of the property.2.The amount of delinquent property taxes and special assessments, with penalties,<br>interest, and foreclosure costs, for the tax year foreclosed.3.The total amount required to satisfy the property tax lien.4.The time when the foreclosure will occur.57-28-04. Service of notice of foreclosure of lien.1.If the current assessment records show that a residential building is located on the<br>property, the county auditor shall deliver the notice of foreclosure of tax lien to the<br>sheriff who shall serve it or cause it to be served personally upon the owner, if<br>known to be a resident of this state. If the owner is a nonresident of this state, the<br>county auditor shall serve the notice by certified mail addressed to the owner at the<br>owner's last-known post-office address and determine whether personal service<br>upon any person is required under subsection 3. If the current assessment records<br>show that no residential building is located on the property, the auditor shall serve<br>the notice by certified mail addressed to the owner at the owner's last-known<br>post-office address.2.By March first, the county auditor shall request from the recorder and the clerk of the<br>district court a certified list giving the names and addresses of all persons who<br>appear to be interested as owners, mortgagees, lienholders, or otherwise in the<br>property except a person whose only interest is in an easement or right of way<br>recorded, or a mineral interest that was severed from the surface estate, before filing<br>of any unsatisfied lien or mortgage or before January first of the year following the<br>year for which the taxes were levied and to which the tax lien relates, upon whom<br>the notice of foreclosures must be served. The recorder and the clerk of the district<br>court shall provide the county auditor with the requested lists by April fifteenth<br>following the request.3.The notice must be served personally upon any person actually residing upon the<br>property subject to tax lien and upon any tenant or other person entitled to the<br>possession of the property as may appear from the records of the recorder.4.The county auditor shall serve the notice of foreclosure of tax lien upon each<br>mortgagee, lienholder, and other person with an interest in the property except a<br>person whose only interest is in a mineral interest that was severed from the surface<br>estate before the filing of any unsatisfied lien or mortgage or before January first of<br>the year following the year for which the taxes were levied and to which the notice of<br>foreclosure of tax lien relates, and upon whom personal service is not required by<br>this section, as shown by the records of the recorder or the clerk of the district court<br>of the county. The notice must be served by certified mail.Page No. 15.The expense of service of the notice, publication, and other foreclosure costs under<br>this chapter in the amount of fifty dollars must be added to the amount required to<br>satisfy the tax lien. The auditor or sheriff shall make proof of service by mail by<br>affidavit showing the names and addresses of all parties upon whom the notice was<br>served with the date of mailing in each case and shall attach the registry,<br>certification, and return receipts and file the affidavit and receipts with the original<br>notice of foreclosure of tax lien. Service by publication under this chapter must be<br>shown of record by filing of an affidavit of publication.57-28-05. Form of notice of foreclosure of tax lien service by certified mail. Thenotice of foreclosure of tax lien which the county auditor is required to serve by certified mail<br>must be substantially in the following form:NOTICE OF FORECLOSURE OF TAX LIENTo ________, the owner of the record title of the real estate hereinafter described, and toall mortgagees, lienholders, and other persons interested in the real estate:I, __________, county auditor of ____________ County, North Dakota, give notice thatthe real estate hereinafter described has a lien for delinquent taxes against it for the year<br>________ and unless the tax and special assessments, with interest, penalties, and cost of<br>foreclosure action are paid on or before October first, after the date of this notice, tax deeds will<br>be issued to the county, granting to and vesting in it, the absolute title in fee to the real property,<br>subject, however, to the lien for installments of special assessments certified or to be certified to<br>the county auditor or which may become due subsequent to the time of service of this notice, and<br>foreclosing all rights of the owner, mortgagees, lienholders, and other persons interested therein,<br>as may appear from the records of the recorder and the clerk of the district court of the county.<br>There is given herewith the description of the parcels of real estate, and set opposite each<br>description is the amount which will be required to satisfy the tax lien for the year __________.The property is described as follows, with the amount required to satisfy the tax lien setout opposite each description: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Given pursuant to authority of law on ______________, ________.County auditor of __________ County, North Dakota.57-28-06. Service of notice by publication. The county auditor shall serve notice offoreclosure by publication as to all property for which notice is served upon the owner by certified<br>mail.The notice may include any number of parcels of property and only one heading isnecessary for the entire list. The notice must contain the description and any street address of<br>each parcel of property. However, the failure to include the street address in the notice does not<br>affect the validity of the notice. The notice must be published once on or before August first in<br>the official newspaper of the county.57-28-07. Form of notice for publication. The notice of foreclosure of tax lien to beserved by publication must be substantially in the following form:I, __________, county auditor, of ___________ County, North Dakota, give noticethat the real estate hereinafter described has a lien for delinquent taxes against it for the<br>year _____, and unless the tax and special assessments, with interest, penalties, and<br>cost of foreclosure action are paid, on or before October first after the date of this notice,<br>the real estate will become the absolute property in fee of this county, subject to the lien<br>for installments of special assessments certified or to be certified to the county auditor or<br>which may become due subsequent to the time of service of this notice, and the former<br>owner, mortgagees, lienholders, and other interested persons therein will be forever<br>foreclosed and barred from asserting any further rights to the real estate. The following is<br>a list of the real estate on which the tax lien will be foreclosed on October first. OppositePage No. 2each description of the real estate appears any street address of the property, the name<br>of the owner of the record title, and the amount which must be paid to satisfy the tax lien.<br>(List descriptions, names of owners, and amount necessary to satisfy the tax lien.)Given pursuant to authority of law on ______________, ______.The failure to include the street address in the notice does not affect the validity of the notice.57-28-08. Effect of failure to satisfy tax lien. The failure of the owner, any mortgagee,or other lienholder to satisfy the tax lien before the date of foreclosure shall:1.Pass any interest of the owner, mortgagee, or lienholder in the property to the<br>county. The interest acquired by the county is subject to the lien for installments of<br>special assessments certified to the county auditor or which may become due after<br>the service of the notice of foreclosure of tax lien. The interest acquired by the<br>county is subject to an easement or right of way recorded with an effective date that<br>precedes the date of official notice to the record titleholder which states that property<br>taxes are delinquent and constitute a property lien.2.Foreclose all rights of satisfaction.3.Waive all errors, irregularities, or omissions which do not affect the substantial rights<br>of the parties, except jurisdictional defects.57-28-09. Tax deed to be issued. After the date of foreclosure for property with anunsatisfied tax lien, the county auditor shall issue a tax deed to the county or, in cases in which<br>the state engineer has made an assessment against the property under section 61-03-21.3, the<br>county auditor shall issue a tax deed to the state or, if the property was sold by another political<br>subdivision of this state within the ten years preceding the foreclosure, the county auditor shall<br>issue a tax deed to that political subdivision. The tax deed passes the property in fee to the<br>county, the state, or political subdivision, free from all encumbrances except installments of<br>special assessments certified to the county auditor or which may become due after the service of<br>the notice of foreclosure of tax lien, a homestead credit for special assessments lien provided for<br>in section 57-02-08.3, and an easement or right of way recorded with an effective date that<br>precedes the date of official notice to the record titleholder which states that property taxes are<br>delinquent and constitute a property lien. While the county, the state, or political subdivision<br>holds title under a tax deed, it is not liable for the payment of any installments of special<br>assessments which become due unless the board of county commissioners, the state, or political<br>subdivision has leased or contracted to sell the property. A deed issued under this section is<br>prima facie evidence of the truth and regularity of all facts and proceedings before the execution<br>of the deed.57-28-09.1. Form of tax deed. A tax deed must be substantially in the following form:TAX DEEDThis deed is made by _______ (name of county auditor), county auditor of _______County, North Dakota, in the name of the state to _______ (name of county) County, as provided<br>by the laws of the state of North Dakota:Whereas, there was assessed for _______ (year) the following real property: _______(legal description of the property); andWhereas, the taxes for _______ (year) levied against the property amounted to$_______; andWhereas, the taxes were not paid and a property tax lien for the payment of the taxesattached; andPage No. 3Whereas, notice was given to interested parties under chapter 57-28 of foreclosure of thetax lien and that the issuance of a tax deed was pending; andWhereas, the property tax lien has not been satisfied by _______ (name of former owner)or any other person entitled to satisfy it.Now, therefore, I _______ (auditor's name), county auditor of _______ County, NorthDakota, in the name of the state, hereby grant to _______ (name of county) County, all the<br>property situated in _______ County, North Dakota, described in this document.Witness my hand on this date _______ (date, including year)._______________, County Auditor<br>_______________ County, North Dakota57-28-10. Appraisal for annual sale - Minimum sale price. All property acquired bythe county by tax deed must be appraised by the board of county commissioners at least thirty<br>days before the annual sale under this chapter. The appraised price must be sufficient to cover<br>all taxes, special assessments, homestead credit for special assessments, penalties, interest,<br>and costs which were due against the property at the time of the service of the notice of<br>foreclosure of tax lien, plus an amount equal to the estimated taxes and special assessments for<br>the current assessment year. If the fair market value of the property is more than the total<br>amount due against the property, the minimum sale price of the property must be at least equal<br>to the total amount due against the property. If the fair market value of the property is less than<br>the total amount due against the property, the board shall fix a fair minimum sale price for the<br>property.57-28-11. Hearing on appraisal. After making the appraisal of property acquired by taxdeed, the board of county commissioners shall set a date for hearing objections to the minimum<br>sale price determined. At least ten days before the hearing, the county auditor shall mail to the<br>auditor of any city, or the clerk of the board of supervisors of any township, in which appraised<br>property is located a written notice stating the time when objections to the established minimum<br>sale price will be heard. Any member or representative of the governing body of any taxing<br>district may appear at the hearing with reference to the fair market value of appraised property,<br>and the board may make appropriate changes in the minimum sale price of property.57-28-12.Appeal.If dissatisfied with the determination of the board of countycommissioners under section 57-28-11, the governing body of any taxing district may appeal to<br>the district court under section 28-34-01. Appeals under this section must be heard by the court<br>without a jury. The county auditor shall make any changes in minimum sale price ordered by the<br>court.57-28-13. Time and place of annual sale. The annual sale of land acquired by taxdeed must be held at the county auditor's office or the usual place of holding district court in the<br>county beginning on the third Tuesday of November of each year.57-28-14. Notice of annual sale - Contents. Notice of the annual sale must include adescription, any street address, and minimum sale price for each parcel of property to be sold.<br>Notice must be given in both of the following manners:1.By posting a notice at the county auditor's office at least fifteen days before the date<br>of sale.2.By publishing a notice in the official newspaper of the county once, not less than ten<br>days before the date of sale.The failure to include the street address in the notice does not affect the validity of the notice.57-28-15. Annual sale at auction - Sale price - Terms of payment. The annual salemust be conducted in the following manner:Page No. 41.Each parcel of land must be sold at auction to the highest qualified bidder for no less<br>than the minimum sale price as fixed before the sale. The sale may be made either<br>for cash or one-fourth of the purchase price in cash, and the balance in equal annual<br>installments over a period of not more than ten years. The purchaser may pay any<br>or all annual installments with interest before the agreed due date of the<br>installments.2.If the sale is for cash, the purchaser shall promptly pay the amount bid to the county<br>treasurer.3.If the purchase price is to be paid in installments, the purchaser shall pay the first<br>installment to the county treasurer and be given a contract for deed setting forth the<br>terms of the sale. The contract for deed must be executed by the purchaser, the<br>chairman of the board of county commissioners, and the county auditor.Thecontract must be in a form prescribed by the state tax commissioner. The contract<br>must give the county the right to cancel the contract by resolution and due notice<br>upon default by the purchaser.4.The original contract for deed must be filed with the county treasurer, who shall<br>record upon it all payments made by the purchaser.The interest rate for thecontract must be established by the board of county commissioners at no more than<br>twelve percent.5.Upon completion of a cash sale or payments under a contract for deed, the county<br>auditor shall execute and deliver a deed conveying to the purchaser the entire<br>interest of the county in the property.6.Upon the execution and delivery of the deed or contract for deed, the property<br>becomes taxable to the purchaser.7.A person is unqualified to be the highest bidder for property if the person owes<br>delinquent taxes to any county.57-28-16. Form of deed to purchaser. The deed which the county shall execute anddeliver to the purchaser must be substantially in the following form:COUNTY DEEDThis indenture made on __________, __________, between the county of___________, North Dakota, party of the first part, and ____________, party of the<br>second part, witnesseth:WHEREAS, the real property hereinafter described was acquired by the countythrough tax deed proceedings for the nonpayment of taxes levied and extended against<br>the property for the years of ______ to ______ inclusive, with interest and penalties,<br>amounting to the sum of __________ dollars; andWHEREAS, the real property was offered for sale, and sold, pursuant to authority oflaw, on _____________, ______, and at the sale, the second party became the<br>purchaser of the whole thereof, for the sum of ________ dollars, which has been paid in<br>full;NOW, THEREFORE, the county as party of the first part, in consideration of thepremises, and pursuant to authority of law, hereby does grant, bargain, sell, and convey<br>to the second party, the second party's heirs and assigns, that certain real property<br>situated in the county of ________, North Dakota, described as follows:To have and to hold the above described real property with all of the appurtenancesthereunto belonging to the party of the second part, ________ heirs and assigns forever.Page No. 5IN WITNESS WHEREOF ___________ and _____________, as chairman of theboard of county commissioners and county auditor, respectively, of said county, hereby<br>do set their hands the day and year first above written and do cause the seal of said<br>county to be affixed thereto.____________ County,North Dakota_____________________________________<br>Chairman, board of county commissioners<br>_____________________________________County auditorSTATE OF NORTH DAKOTACounty of _______________On _____________, ______, personally appeared before me, a notary public withinthe aforesaid county and state, __________ and __________, to me personally known to<br>be the chairman of the board of county commissioners and the auditor, respectively, of<br>said county, and acknowledged to me that they executed the foregoing deed for and on<br>behalf of said county._____________________________________My commission expires _____________.Notary Public, for _________ County,North Dakota.57-28-17. Sale between annual sales. Any property not sold at the annual Novembersale may be sold by the county auditor at private sale before the next annual November sale for<br>not less than the property's minimum sale price. A parcel of real estate against which an unpaid<br>special assessment continues as a lien under section 57-28-09 may be sold by the county<br>auditor free of the lien if the governing body of the city in which the property is located finds that<br>the sum of the minimum sale price and the unpaid special assessment exceeds the market value<br>of the property. If the governing body of the city makes this finding, it may cancel all or part of<br>the special assessment lien against the property to reduce the lien to an amount which, when<br>added to the minimum sale price, will be equal to the market value of the property. The action of<br>the governing body shall be certified by the city auditor or clerk to the county auditor. The county<br>auditor may then sell the property at private sale before the next annual November sale for not<br>less than the resulting amount. The purchaser acquires the property free from any part of any<br>lien for special assessment which was canceled by the governing body of the city, and the county<br>auditor shall remove from the record any canceled special assessments.Notwithstanding the provisions of this section or other provisions of law, any propertyacquired by the county which is subject to a special assessment lien for improvements made by<br>a city may be sold to that city for cash at any price agreed upon by the board of county<br>commissioners and the governing body of the city.57-28-17.1. Private sale between annual sales by nonexclusive listing agreements.The board of county commissioners may by resolution engage licensed real estate brokers to<br>attempt to sell property not sold at the annual November sale. The resolution must authorize<br>sale by way of nonexclusive listing agreements; describe the real property to be sold; provide a<br>maximum rate of fee, compensation, or commission; and provide that the county reserves the<br>right to reject any and all offers determined to be insufficient. Property that is subject to a special<br>assessment lien for improvements made by a city must first be offered for sale to the city.57-28-18. Terms of private sale and distribution of proceeds. Any private sale of realproperty made between the annual November sales must be made upon the same terms and<br>conditions as a sale may be made at the November sale. The sale of farmland acquired by the<br>county by tax deed is subject to any existing lease of the property for the year of the sale. If the<br>farmland is to be sold by private sale to any person other than the former owner or other<br>interested person, a deed or contract for deed may not be delivered to the purchaser until thirtyPage No. 6days after service by certified mail upon the former owner or other interested party of the pending<br>sale, the date when the sale will become final, and the amount required to repurchase the<br>property.For the purposes of this section, "other interested party" means the executor,administrator, parent, spouse, or child of the former owner who has notified the county auditor in<br>writing of that status, the address at which service may be made, and that the person should be<br>notified of the expiration of the period of repurchase in connection with any private sale of the<br>property.In case of the sale, contract for sale, or repurchase by the former owner of tax deedproperty during January, the property must be assessed and taxed for that year, and the<br>purchaser or repurchaser is entitled to the rental and landlord's share of crops on the property for<br>the year. In case of the sale, contract for sale, or repurchase by the former owner of tax deed<br>land after January, the property must not be assessed and taxed for that year, and the county is<br>entitled to the rental and landlord's share of the crops on the property for the year. The proceeds<br>realized from a sale between annual November sales must be apportioned in the same manner<br>as the proceeds of the annual November sale.57-28-19. Rights of repurchase. The former owner; the former owner's executor oradministrator; or any parent, spouse, or child of the former owner may repurchase any property<br>forfeited to the county under tax deed proceedings, so long as the tax title to the property<br>remains in the county. If any city has made a special assessment for public improvements<br>against the property and the special assessment has become delinquent and remains unpaid,<br>the city has a right to purchase the property for cash, at the appraised value, prior to that of any<br>party. Upon appraisal of the property, the county auditor shall give notice to the auditor of any<br>such city and the city has thirty days within which to exercise its priority right to purchase the<br>property under this section. A repurchase by a private party under this section may be for cash<br>or contract for deed made by and between the board of county commissioners and the former<br>owner; the executor or administrator of the former owner; or any parent, spouse, or child of the<br>former owner. The consideration of the repurchase contract with a private party must include:1.The total amount required to be paid to effect a satisfaction of tax lien.2.The total amount of all subsequent taxes and special assessments with interest,<br>penalties, and costs.If the fair market value of the property at the time of the repurchase is less than the amount to be<br>paid under subsections 1 and 2, the board shall fix a fair sale price for the property.If arepurchase under this section is by contract for deed, the party making the repurchase must pay<br>at least twenty-five percent of the total contract price in cash and the remainder must be payable<br>in no more than ten annual equal installments.The board of county commissioners shallestablish the rate of interest for a contract for deed under this section, not exceeding the prime<br>rate of interest established by the Bank of North Dakota for the month immediately preceding the<br>month in which the contract was entered. A contract for deed under this section must provide<br>that if the repurchaser or the successor in interest fails to pay one or more of the installments<br>when due, with interest, the board of county commissioners may cancel the contract and all<br>payments and improvements made by the repurchaser or the successor in interest will be<br>forfeited to the county as liquidated damages for breach of contract unless otherwise expressly<br>provided. Upon the completion of a cash sale or payments under a contract for deed under this<br>section, the county auditor shall execute and deliver a deed conveying to the repurchaser the<br>entire interest of the county in the property.Upon the execution and delivery of a deed orcontract for deed under this section, the property becomes taxable to the repurchaser. In case of<br>repurchase or contract for repurchase of tax deed property during January, the property must be<br>assessed and taxed for that year, and the repurchaser is entitled to the rental and landlord's<br>share of crops on the property for the year. In case of the repurchase or contract for repurchase<br>of tax deed land after January, the property must not be assessed and taxed for the current year,<br>and the county is entitled to the rental and landlord's share of crops on the property for the year.<br>The repurchase or contract for repurchase of tax deed farmland is subject to any existing farm<br>lease of the property for the year in which the repurchase or contract for repurchase is made.Page No. 757-28-19.1. Real estate sold to city or acquired by the county by tax deed to bemarketable. A city that has purchased property or a county that has acquired a tax deed to<br>property under this chapter is deemed to have marketable record title to the property if all of the<br>following apply:1.The county deed conveying the property has been recorded.2.The city or county has entered into possession of the property and continued its<br>possession for three months or longer.3.No lis pendens giving notice of the pendency of an action challenging the validity of<br>tax proceedings or of the deed has been recorded within three months of the date on<br>which the city or county entered into possession of the property.A city or county that is deemed to have marketable record title may convey title free of any claims<br>based on a defect in the process through which the city or county obtained title to the property. If<br>title of the city or county is deemed marketable under this section, a claimant who would be<br>entitled to some claim on the property because of a defect in the process by which the city or<br>county obtained title has instead the right to recover from the city or county the net value of that<br>claim, subject to the statutory restrictions on claims against a city or county. For the purpose of<br>this section, the fact of possession by the city or county may be shown of record by one or more<br>affidavits that contain the legal description of the property and show that the city or county<br>entered into possession of the property and continued possession for three months or longer.<br>The posting on the property of a sign or notice, legible from the street adjacent to the property,<br>stating that the property is owned or for sale by the city or county is an act of possession by the<br>city or county, but is not required.57-28-20. Disposition of proceeds of sales. All proceeds from the public or privatesale of property under this chapter must be apportioned as regular tax payments are apportioned<br>among and within taxing districts in which the property is located, as follows:1.The county treasurer shall issue a regular tax receipt in the name of the county,<br>beginning with the earliest year for which the taxes are delinquent. Tax receipts<br>must be written for the original amount of the tax, without penalty and interest. If the<br>property was sold for an amount sufficient to cover all outstanding taxes and special<br>assessments, tax receipts must be written for all such years, and any remaining<br>amount must be credited to the general fund of the county.2.If the property is sold under a contract, the county treasurer shall issue tax receipts,<br>beginning with the earliest year for which taxes or special assessments are<br>delinquent, without penalty and interest, and all subsequent payments made on the<br>contract must be applied to the earliest remaining unpaid taxes or special<br>assessments.Any payment under the contract after all taxes and specialassessments are paid must be credited to the county general fund.3.If the property is sold for less than the total amount of the taxes due, the treasurer<br>shall write tax receipts beginning with the earliest year and for as many subsequent<br>years as the proceeds realized from the sale will satisfy, and the remainder of any<br>unpaid general taxes or special assessments must be canceled by the board of<br>county commissioners.57-28-21. Cancellations from record. Repealed by S.L. 1999, ch. 503, <!-- END .shortcode-content -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- END .main-content-left -->
</div>
<!-- BEGIN .main-content-right -->
<div class="main-content-right">
<!-- BEGIN .main-nosplit -->
<div class="main-nosplit">
<!--<div class="widget-0 first panel">
<h3>Advertising</h3>
<script type="text/javascript">
/*
var rkbspt = document.createElement('script');
rkbspt.type = 'text/javascript';
rkbspt.src = 'https://c.amazon-adsystem.com/aax2/getads.js';
var rkbscpt = document.querySelector('.widget-0.panel').appendChild(rkbspt);
rkbscpt.onload = function(){
aax_getad_mpb({
"slot_uuid":"557c365d-8984-4710-a63b-62d1baabc10e"
});
};
*/
</script>
<script id="mNCC" language="javascript">
medianet_width = "336";
medianet_height = "280";
medianet_crid = "436333511";
medianet_versionId = "3111299";
</script>
<script src="//contextual.media.net/nmedianet.js?cid=8CUC4DD64"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var e9 = new Object();
e9.size = "300x250";
e9.noAd = 1;
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="//tags.expo9.exponential.com/tags/Lawscom/BTF/tags.js"></script>
</div>-->
<div class="widget_text widget-1 first panel"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
e9 = new Object();
e9.size = "300x250,300x600";
e9.noAd = 1;
//--></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="//tags.expo9.exponential.com/tags/Lawscom/ROS/tags.js"></script></div></div><div class="widget-2 panel"><div class="menu-top-menu-container"><ul id="menu-top-menu-1" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-154" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-154 custom-class-1"><a href="https://www.laws.com/">Laws</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-155" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-155 custom-class-2"><a href="https://lawyer.laws.com/">Lawyers</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-156" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-156 custom-class-3"><a href="https://find.laws.com/">Find Laws</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-157" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-157 custom-class-4"><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/">Legal Forms</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-158" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-158 custom-class-5"><a href="https://state-laws.laws.com/">State Laws</a></li>
</ul></div></div><div class="widget_text widget-3 panel"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
e9 = new Object();
e9.size = "300x250,300x600";
e9.noAd = 1;
//--></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="//tags.expo9.exponential.com/tags/Lawscom/ROS/tags.js"></script></div></div><div class="widget_text widget-4 last panel"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
e9 = new Object();
e9.size = "300x250,300x600";
e9.noAd = 1;
//--></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="//tags.expo9.exponential.com/tags/Lawscom/ROS/tags.js"></script></div></div>
<!-- END .main-nosplit -->
</div>
<!-- END .main-content-right -->
</div>
<div class="clear-float"></div>
<!-- END .wrapper -->
</div>
<!-- BEGIN .content -->
</div>
<!-- BEGIN .footer -->
<div class="footer">
<!-- BEGIN .wrapper -->
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="banner-block">
<!-- <a href="http://www.orange-themes.com" target="_blank"><img src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/images/banner-468x60.jpg" alt="" title="" /></a>-->
</div>
<!-- Disable breaking news slider - Peter - 7 Apr 2015 -->
<!-- BEGIN .footer-content -->
<div class="footer-content">
<div class="footer-menu">
<ul class="load-responsive" rel="Footer Menu"><li id="menu-item-148" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-148 custom-class-1"><a href="https://www.laws.com/">Laws</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-149" class="menu_red menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-149 custom-class-2"><a href="https://lawyer.laws.com/">Lawyers</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-150" class="menu_green menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-150 custom-class-3"><a href="https://find.laws.com/">Find Laws</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-152" class="menu_boldred menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-152 custom-class-4"><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/">Legal Forms</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-151" class="menu_blue menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-151 custom-class-5"><a href="https://state-laws.laws.com/">State Laws</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="left">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/alabama-forms">Alabama Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/alaska-forms">Alaska Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/arizona-forms">Arizona Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/arkansas-forms">Arkansas Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/california-forms">California Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/colorado-forms">Colorado Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/connecticut-forms">Connecticut Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/district-of-columbia-forms">District Of Columbia Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/delaware-forms">Delaware Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/florida-forms">Florida Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/georgia-forms">Georgia Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/idaho-forms">Idaho Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/hawaii-forms">Hawaii Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/illinois-forms">Illinois Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/indiana-forms">Indiana Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/iowa-forms">Iowa Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/kansas-forms">Kansas Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/kentucky-forms">Kentucky Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/louisiana-forms">Louisiana Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/maine-forms">Maine Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/maryland-forms">Maryland Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/massachusetts-forms">Massachusetts Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/michigan-forms">Michigan Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/minnesota-forms">Minnesota Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/mississippi-forms">Mississippi Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/missouri-forms">Missouri Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/montana-forms">Montana Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/nebraska-forms">Nebraska Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/nevada-forms">Nevada Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/new-hampshire-forms">New Hampshire Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/new-jersey-forms">New Jersey Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/new-mexico-forms">New Mexico Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/new-york-forms">New York Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/north-carolina-forms">North Carolina Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/north-dakota-forms">North Dakota Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/ohio-forms">Ohio Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/oklahoma-forms">Oklahoma Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/oregon-forms">Oregon Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/pennsylvania-forms">Pennsylvania Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/rhode-island-forms">Rhode Island Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/south-carolina-forms">South Carolina Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/south-dakota-forms">South Dakota Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/tennessee-forms">Tennessee Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/texas-forms">Texas Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/utah-forms">Utah Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/vermont-forms">Vermont Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/virginia-forms">Virginia Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/washington-forms">Washington Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/west-virginia-forms">West Virginia Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/wisconsin-forms">Wisconsin Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://legal-forms.laws.com/wyoming-forms">Wyoming Forms</a></li>
</ul>
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/alabama">Alabama Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/alaska">Alaska Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/arizona">Arizona Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/arkansas">Arkansas Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/california">California Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/connecticut">Connecticut Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/delaware">Delaware Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/district-of-columbia">District of Columbia Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/florida">Florida Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/georgia">Georgia Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/hawaii">Hawaii Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/idaho">Idaho Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/illinois">Illinois Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/indiana">Indiana Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/iowa">Iowa Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/kansas">Kansas Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/kentucky">Kentucky Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/louisiana">Louisiana Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/maine">Maine Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/maryland">Maryland Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/massachusetts">Massachusetts Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/michigan">Michigan Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/minnesota">Minnesota Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/mississippi">Mississippi Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/missouri">Missouri Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/montana">Montana Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/nebraska">Nebraska Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/nevada">Nevada Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/new-hampshire">New Hampshire Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/new-jersey">New Jersey Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/new-mexico">New Mexico Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/new-york">New York Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/north-carolina">North Carolina Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/north-dakota">North Dakota Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/ohio">Ohio Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/oklahoma">Oklahoma Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/oregon">Oregon Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/pennsylvania">Pennsylvania Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/rhode-island">Rhode Island Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/south-carolina">South Carolina Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/south-dakota">South Dakota Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/tennessee">Tennessee Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/texas">Texas Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/utah">Utah Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/vermont">Vermont Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/washington">Washington Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/west-virginia">West Virginia Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/wisconsin">Wisconsin Codes & Statutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://statutes.laws.com/wyoming">Wyoming Codes & Statutes</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
</div>
</center><br>
<div class="footer-menu">
<ul class="load-responsive" rel="Footer Menu"><li id="menu-item-34164" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34164"><a href="https://www.laws.com/category/about">Contact Us</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-34165" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34165"><a href="https://marketing.laws.com">Lawyer Marketing</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-34166" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34166"><a href="https://advertising.laws.com/">Advertise on Laws.com</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-34167" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34167"><a href="https://www.laws.com/category/AboutUs">About Us</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-34168" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34168"><a href="https://www.laws.com/category/TermsOfUse">Terms of Use</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-34169" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34169"><a href="https://www.laws.com/category/PrivacyPolicy">Privacy Policy</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-34170" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34170"><a href="https://www.laws.com/category/AdvertisingPolicy">Advertising Policy</a></li>
</ul> </div>
<strong>Disclaimer</strong> <br>There is no confidential attorney-client relationship formed by using Laws.com website and information provided on this site is not legal advice. For legal advice, please contact your attorney. Attorneys listed on this website are not referred or endorsed by this website. By using Laws.com you agree to Laws.com Terms Of Use.<br>
Copyright © 2017 Laws.com | All rights reserved
</div>
<!--<div class="right">Designed by <a href="https://laws.com" target="_blank">Laws.com</a></div>-->
<div class="clear-float"></div>
<!-- END .footer-content -->
</div>
<!-- END .wrapper -->
</div>
<!-- END .footer -->
</div>
<!-- END .boxed -->
</div>
<div class="lightbox">
<div class="lightcontent-loading">
<h2 class="light-title">Loading..</h2>
<a href="#" onclick="javascript:lightboxclose();" class="light-close"><i class="fa fa-times"></i>Close Window</a>
<div class="loading-box">
<h3>Loading, Please Wait!</h3>
<span>This may take a second or two.</span>
<span class="loading-image"><img src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/images/loading.gif" title="" alt="" /></span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="lightcontent"></div>
</div>
<script>
window.RS_MODULES = window.RS_MODULES || {};
window.RS_MODULES.modules = window.RS_MODULES.modules || {};
window.RS_MODULES.waiting = window.RS_MODULES.waiting || [];
window.RS_MODULES.defered = true;
window.RS_MODULES.moduleWaiting = window.RS_MODULES.moduleWaiting || {};
window.RS_MODULES.type = 'compiled';
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var relevanssi_rt_regex = /(&|\?)_(rt|rt_nonce)=(\w+)/g
var newUrl = window.location.search.replace(relevanssi_rt_regex, '')
history.replaceState(null, null, window.location.pathname + newUrl + window.location.hash)
</script>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='rs-plugin-settings-css' href='https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/css/rs6.css?ver=6.6.11' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='rs-plugin-settings-inline-css' type='text/css'>
#rs-demo-id {}
</style>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/swv/js/index.js?ver=5.9.3" id="swv-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="contact-form-7-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var wpcf7 = {"api":{"root":"https:\/\/statutes.laws.com\/wp-json\/","namespace":"contact-form-7\/v1"},"cached":"1"};
/* ]]]]><![CDATA[> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/js/index.js?ver=5.9.3" id="contact-form-7-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="wpil-frontend-script-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var wpilFrontend = {"ajaxUrl":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","postId":"19","postType":"post","openInternalInNewTab":"1","openExternalInNewTab":"1","disableClicks":"0","openLinksWithJS":"0","trackAllElementClicks":"0","clicksI18n":{"imageNoText":"Image in link: No Text","imageText":"Image Title: ","noText":"No Anchor Text Found"}};
/* ]]]]><![CDATA[> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/link-whisper-premium/js/frontend.min.js?ver=1708797351" id="wpil-frontend-script-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/rbtools.min.js?ver=6.6.11" defer async id="tp-tools-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/revslider/public/assets/js/rs6.min.js?ver=6.6.11" defer async id="revmin-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/effect.min.js?ver=1.13.2" id="jquery-effects-core-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/effect-slide.min.js?ver=1.13.2" id="jquery-effects-slide-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/admin/jquery.c00kie.js?ver=1.0" id="cookies-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/jquery.floating_popup.1.3.min.js?ver=1.0" id="banner-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/theme-scripts.js?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7" id="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/-scripts-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/jquery.event.move.js?ver=1.3.1" id="move-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/jquery.event.swipe.js?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7" id="swipe-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/js_composer/assets/lib/bower/isotope/dist/isotope.pkgd.min.js?ver=7.5" id="isotope-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/js/imagesloaded.min.js?ver=5.0.0" id="imagesloaded-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-includes/js/masonry.min.js?ver=4.2.2" id="masonry-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/jquery.infinitescroll.min.js?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7" id="infinitescroll-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/lightbox.js?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7" id="lightbox-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/iscroll.js?ver=a5641cd4dc387370aaa12d48da898bd7" id="iscroll-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/ot_gallery.js?ver=1.0" id="ot-gallery-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/scripts.js?ver=1.0" id="ot-scripts-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/themes/legatus/js/legatus.js?ver=1.0.0" id="scripts-wp-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="toc-front-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var tocplus = {"visibility_show":"show","visibility_hide":"hide","width":"Auto"};
var tocplus = {"visibility_show":"show","visibility_hide":"hide","width":"Auto"};
var tocplus = {"visibility_show":"show","visibility_hide":"hide","width":"Auto"};
/* ]]]]><![CDATA[> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://statutes.laws.com/wp-content/plugins/table-of-contents-plus/front.min.js?ver=2309" id="toc-front-js"></script>
<script></script>
<!-- END body -->
</body>
<!-- END html -->
</html>]]>