1-01 General Principles and Definitions

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TITLE 1GENERAL PROVISIONSCHAPTER 1-01GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS1-01-01.This act - How referred to.This revision, whenever cited, enumerated,referred to, or amended may be designated as the "North Dakota Century Code". Where the<br>expression "this code" appears therein without explanatory or descriptive language, it means the<br>"North Dakota Century Code" unless the context clearly indicates a different meaning.1-01-01.1. Adoption of North Dakota Revised Code of 1943. Repealed by omissionfrom this code.1-01-01.2. Adoption of code not repeal of laws passed in 1944 Special Session.Repealed by omission from this code.1-01-02. Origin of law. Law is a rule of property and of conduct prescribed by thesovereign power.1-01-03. Expression of law. The will of the sovereign power is expressed by:1.The Constitution of the United States.2.Treaties made under the authority of the United States.3.Statutes enacted by the Congress of the United States.4.The constitution of the state.5.The statutes of the state.6.The ordinances of other and subordinate legislative bodies.7.The decisions of the tribunals enforcing those rules, which, though not enacted, form<br>what is known as customary or common law.1-01-04. Common law divided. The common law is divided into:1.Public law, or the law of nations; and2.Domestic or municipal law.1-01-05. Evidence of common law. The evidence of the common law is found in thedecisions of the tribunals.1-01-06. Code excludes common law. In this state there is no common law in anycase in which the law is declared by the code.1-01-07. Classification of civil rights. All original civil rights are either:1.Rights of person; or2.Rights of property.1-01-08. Rights of property and person - How waived. Rights of property and ofperson may be waived, surrendered, or lost by neglect in the cases provided by law.Page No. 11-01-09.Word defined by statute always has same meaning.Whenever themeaning of a word or phrase is defined in any statute, such definition is applicable to the same<br>word or phrase wherever it occurs in the same or subsequent statutes, except when a contrary<br>intention plainly appears.1-01-10. Quorum. Except as otherwise provided, a majority of any board or commissionshall constitute a quorum.1-01-11. Authority of deputies. Any duty imposed upon a ministerial officer, and anyact permitted to be done by that officer, unless otherwise provided, may be performed by that<br>officer's lawful deputy.1-01-12. Variation from prescribed form. If a form is prescribed, deviations therefromnot affecting the substance or calculated to mislead does not vitiate the form used.1-01-13. Numerals. The Roman numerals and the Arabic numerals are deemed partsof the English language.1-01-14. Degrees of care. There are three degrees of care and of diligence mentionedin this code, namely, slight, ordinary, and great. Each of the last two includes any lesser degree<br>or degrees.1-01-15. Degrees of care and diligence - Definition. Slight care or diligence meanssuch as a person of ordinary prudence usually exercises about that person's own affairs of slight<br>importance. Ordinary care or diligence means such as a person usually exercises about that<br>person's own affairs of ordinary importance. Great care or diligence means such as a person<br>usually exercises about that person's own affairs of great importance.1-01-16. Degrees of negligence. There are three degrees of negligence mentioned inthis code, namely, slight, ordinary, and gross. Each of the last two includes any lesser degree or<br>degrees.1-01-17. Degrees of negligence - Definition. Slight negligence shall consist in the wantof great care and diligence, ordinary negligence, in the want of ordinary care and diligence, and<br>gross negligence, in the want of slight care and diligence.1-01-18. Children - Definition. The term "children" includes children by birth and byadoption.1-01-19. Debtor and creditor - Definition. Except as otherwise defined and used in title13, everyone who owes to another the performance of an obligation must be called a debtor and<br>the one to whom that person owes it must be called a creditor.1-01-20. Valuable consideration - Definition. A valuable consideration means a thingof value parted with, or a new obligation assumed at the time of obtaining a thing, which is a<br>substantial compensation for that which is obtained thereby. It also is called simply "value".1-01-21. Good faith - Definition. Good faith shall consist in an honest intention toabstain from taking any unconscientious advantage of another even through the forms or<br>technicalities of law, together with an absence of all information or belief of facts which would<br>render the transaction unconscientious.1-01-22. Notice - Classification. Notice shall be either actual or constructive.1-01-23. Actual notice - Definition. Actual notice shall consist in express information ofa fact.1-01-24. Constructive notice - Definition. Constructive notice means notice imputedby the law to a person not having actual notice.Page No. 21-01-25. What deemed constructive notice. Every person who has actual notice ofcircumstances sufficient to put a prudent person upon inquiry as to a particular fact and who<br>omits to make such inquiry with reasonable diligence is deemed to have constructive notice of<br>the fact itself.1-01-26. False notice cannot become valid. A notice which is false when given is notmade valid by the subsequent happening of the event.1-01-27. Paper - Definition. The word "paper" means any flexible material upon which itis usual to write.1-01-28. Person - Definition. 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height:815px; text-align:center;\"\u003eLoading PDF...\u003c/div\u003e\u003cscript type=\"text/javascript\"\u003e var pdf_url = 'https://law.justia.com/codes/north-dakota/2009/t01/pdf/t01c01.pdf'; $(document).ready(function() { var embedwindow = $(\"#embed_document\"); if ($.browser.msie){ embedwindow.html('\u003cembed src=\"'+pdf_url+'\" width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\"\u003e\u003c/embed\u003e'); } else { embedwindow.html('\u003ciframe style=\"width:100%; height:100%;\" src=\"https://docs.google.com/gview?url='+window.escape(pdf_url)+'\u0026embedded=true\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e'); } });\u003c/script\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cnoframes\u003eTITLE 1GENERAL PROVISIONSCHAPTER 1-01GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS1-01-01.This act - How referred to.This revision, whenever cited, enumerated,referred to, or amended may be designated as the \u0026quot;North Dakota Century Code\u0026quot;. Where the\u003cbr\u003eexpression \u0026quot;this code\u0026quot; appears therein without explanatory or descriptive language, it means the\u003cbr\u003e\u0026quot;North Dakota Century Code\u0026quot; unless the context clearly indicates a different meaning.1-01-01.1. Adoption of North Dakota Revised Code of 1943. Repealed by omissionfrom this code.1-01-01.2. Adoption of code not repeal of laws passed in 1944 Special Session.Repealed by omission from this code.1-01-02. Origin of law. Law is a rule of property and of conduct prescribed by thesovereign power.1-01-03. Expression of law. The will of the sovereign power is expressed by:1.The Constitution of the United States.2.Treaties made under the authority of the United States.3.Statutes enacted by the Congress of the United States.4.The constitution of the state.5.The statutes of the state.6.The ordinances of other and subordinate legislative bodies.7.The decisions of the tribunals enforcing those rules, which, though not enacted, form\u003cbr\u003ewhat is known as customary or common law.1-01-04. Common law divided. The common law is divided into:1.Public law, or the law of nations; and2.Domestic or municipal law.1-01-05. Evidence of common law. The evidence of the common law is found in thedecisions of the tribunals.1-01-06. Code excludes common law. In this state there is no common law in anycase in which the law is declared by the code.1-01-07. Classification of civil rights. All original civil rights are either:1.Rights of person; or2.Rights of property.1-01-08. Rights of property and person - How waived. Rights of property and ofperson may be waived, surrendered, or lost by neglect in the cases provided by law.Page No. 11-01-09.Word defined by statute always has same meaning.Whenever themeaning of a word or phrase is defined in any statute, such definition is applicable to the same\u003cbr\u003eword or phrase wherever it occurs in the same or subsequent statutes, except when a contrary\u003cbr\u003eintention plainly appears.1-01-10. Quorum. Except as otherwise provided, a majority of any board or commissionshall constitute a quorum.1-01-11. Authority of deputies. Any duty imposed upon a ministerial officer, and anyact permitted to be done by that officer, unless otherwise provided, may be performed by that\u003cbr\u003eofficer's lawful deputy.1-01-12. Variation from prescribed form. If a form is prescribed, deviations therefromnot affecting the substance or calculated to mislead does not vitiate the form used.1-01-13. Numerals. The Roman numerals and the Arabic numerals are deemed partsof the English language.1-01-14. Degrees of care. There are three degrees of care and of diligence mentionedin this code, namely, slight, ordinary, and great. Each of the last two includes any lesser degree\u003cbr\u003eor degrees.1-01-15. Degrees of care and diligence - Definition. Slight care or diligence meanssuch as a person of ordinary prudence usually exercises about that person's own affairs of slight\u003cbr\u003eimportance. Ordinary care or diligence means such as a person usually exercises about that\u003cbr\u003eperson's own affairs of ordinary importance. Great care or diligence means such as a person\u003cbr\u003eusually exercises about that person's own affairs of great importance.1-01-16. Degrees of negligence. There are three degrees of negligence mentioned inthis code, namely, slight, ordinary, and gross. Each of the last two includes any lesser degree or\u003cbr\u003edegrees.1-01-17. Degrees of negligence - Definition. Slight negligence shall consist in the wantof great care and diligence, ordinary negligence, in the want of ordinary care and diligence, and\u003cbr\u003egross negligence, in the want of slight care and diligence.1-01-18. Children - Definition. The term \u0026quot;children\u0026quot; includes children by birth and byadoption.1-01-19. Debtor and creditor - Definition. Except as otherwise defined and used in title13, everyone who owes to another the performance of an obligation must be called a debtor and\u003cbr\u003ethe one to whom that person owes it must be called a creditor.1-01-20. Valuable consideration - Definition. A valuable consideration means a thingof value parted with, or a new obligation assumed at the time of obtaining a thing, which is a\u003cbr\u003esubstantial compensation for that which is obtained thereby. It also is called simply \u0026quot;value\u0026quot;.1-01-21. Good faith - Definition. Good faith shall consist in an honest intention toabstain from taking any unconscientious advantage of another even through the forms or\u003cbr\u003etechnicalities of law, together with an absence of all information or belief of facts which would\u003cbr\u003erender the transaction unconscientious.1-01-22. Notice - Classification. Notice shall be either actual or constructive.1-01-23. Actual notice - Definition. Actual notice shall consist in express information ofa fact.1-01-24. Constructive notice - Definition. Constructive notice means notice imputedby the law to a person not having actual notice.Page No. 21-01-25. What deemed constructive notice. Every person who has actual notice ofcircumstances sufficient to put a prudent person upon inquiry as to a particular fact and who\u003cbr\u003eomits to make such inquiry with reasonable diligence is deemed to have constructive notice of\u003cbr\u003ethe fact itself.1-01-26. False notice cannot become valid. A notice which is false when given is notmade valid by the subsequent happening of the event.1-01-27. Paper - Definition. The word \u0026quot;paper\u0026quot; means any flexible material upon which itis usual to write.1-01-28. Person - Definition. 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