12.1-01 Application - Purposes - Proof - Definitions

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TITLE 12.1CRIMINAL CODECHAPTER 12.1-01APPLICATION - PURPOSES - PROOF - DEFINITIONS12.1-01-01. Title - Retroactivity - Application - Contempt power.1.Title 12.1 of the Century Code may be cited as the North Dakota Criminal Code.2.This title, except as provided in subsection 3, shall not apply to offenses committed<br>prior to its effective date. Prosecutions for such offenses shall be governed by prior<br>law, which is continued in effect for that purpose. For the purposes of this section,<br>an offense was committed prior to the effective date of this title if any of the<br>elements of the offense occurred prior thereto.3.In cases pending on or after the effective date of this title, and involving offenses<br>committed prior thereto:a.The provisions of this title according a defense or mitigation shall apply, with<br>the consent of the defendant.b.The court, with the consent of the defendant, may impose sentence under the<br>provisions of this title which are applicable to the offense and the offender.4.This section does not affect the power of a court or legislative assembly to punish for<br>contempt, or to employ any enforcement sanction authorized by law, nor does this<br>section affect any power conferred by law upon military authority to impose<br>punishment upon offenders.12.1-01-02. General purposes. The general purposes of this title are to establish asystem of prohibitions, penalties, and correctional measures to deal with conduct that<br>unjustifiably and inexcusably causes or threatens harm to those individual or public interests for<br>which governmental protection is appropriate.To this end, the provisions of this title areintended, and shall be construed, to achieve the following objectives:1.To ensure the public safety through: a. vindication of public norms by the imposition<br>of merited punishment; b. the deterrent influence of the penalties hereinafter<br>provided; c. the rehabilitation of those convicted of violations of this title; and d. such<br>confinement as may be necessary to prevent likely recurrence of serious criminal<br>behavior.2.By definition and grading of offenses, to define the limits and systematize the<br>exercise of discretion in punishment and to give fair warning of what is prohibited<br>and of the consequences of violation.3.To prescribe penalties which are proportionate to the seriousness of offenses and<br>which permit recognition of differences in rehabilitation possibilities among individual<br>offenders.4.To safeguard conduct that is without guilt from condemnation as criminal and to<br>condemn conduct that is with guilt as criminal.5.To prevent arbitrary or oppressive treatment of persons accused or convicted of<br>offenses.6.To define the scope of state interest in law enforcement against specific offenses<br>and to systematize the exercise of state criminal jurisdiction.Page No. 112.1-01-03. Proof and presumptions.1.No person may be convicted of an offense unless each element of the offense is<br>proved beyond a reasonable doubt. An accused is presumed innocent until proven<br>guilty. The fact that the accused has been arrested, confined, or charged with the<br>offense gives rise to no inference of guilt at the accused's trial. "Element of an<br>offense" means:a.The forbidden conduct;b.The attendant circumstances specified in the definition and grading of the<br>offense;c.The required culpability;d.Any required result; ande.The nonexistence of a defense as to which there is evidence in the case<br>sufficient to give rise to a reasonable doubt on the issue.2.Subsection 1 does not require negating a defense:a.By allegation in the charging document; orb.By proof, unless the issue is in the case as a result of evidence sufficient to<br>raise a reasonable doubt on the issue.Unless it is otherwise provided or the context plainly requires otherwise, if a statute<br>outside this title defining an offense, or a related statute, or a rule or regulation<br>thereunder, contains a provision constituting an exception from criminal liability for<br>conduct which would otherwise be included within the prohibition of the offense, that<br>the defendant came within such exception is a defense.3.Subsection 1 does not apply to any defense which is explicitly designated an<br>"affirmative defense". An affirmative defense must be proved by the defendant by a<br>preponderance of evidence.4.When a statute establishes a presumption, it has the following consequences:a.If there is sufficient evidence of the facts which gave rise to the presumption,<br>the presumed fact is deemed sufficiently proved to warrant submission of the<br>issue to a jury unless the court is satisfied that the evidence as a whole clearly<br>negates the presumed fact.b.In submitting the issue of the existence of the presumed fact to a jury, the court<br>shall charge that, although the evidence as a whole must establish the<br>presumed fact beyond a reasonable doubt, the jury may arrive at that judgment<br>on the basis of the presumption alone, since the law regards the facts giving<br>rise to the presumption as strong evidence of the fact presumed.5.When a statute declares that given facts constitute a prima facie case, proof of such<br>facts warrants submission of a case to the jury with the usual instructions on burden<br>of proof and without additional instructions attributing any special probative force to<br>the facts proved.12.1-01-04. General definitions. As used in this title, unless a different meaning plainlyis required:1."Act" or "action" means a bodily movement, whether voluntary or involuntary.Page No. 22."Acted", "acts", and "actions" include, where relevant, "omitted to act" and<br>"omissions to act".3."Actor" includes, where relevant, a person guilty of an omission.4."Bodily injury" means any impairment of physical condition, including physical pain.5."Court" means any of the following courts: the supreme court, a district court, and<br>where relevant, a municipal court.6."Dangerous weapon" means, but is not limited to, any switchblade or gravity knife,<br>machete, scimitar, stiletto, sword, or dagger; any billy, blackjack, sap, bludgeon,<br>cudgel, metal knuckles, or sand club; any slungshot; any bow and arrow, crossbow,<br>or spear; any weapon which will expel, or is readily capable of expelling, a projectile<br>by the action of a spring, compressed air, or compressed gas including any such<br>weapon, loaded or unloaded, commonly referred to as a BB gun, air rifle, or CO2gun; and any projector of a bomb or any object containing or capable of producing<br>and emitting any noxious liquid, gas, or substance.7."Destructive device" means any explosive, incendiary or poison gas bomb, grenade,<br>mine, rocket, missile, or similar device.8."Explosive" means gunpowders, powders used for blasting, all forms of high<br>explosives, blasting materials, fuses (other than electric circuit breakers), detonators<br>and other detonating agents, smokeless powders, and any chemical compounds,<br>mechanical mixture, or other ingredients in such proportions, quantities, or packing<br>that ignition by fire, by friction, by concussion, by percussion, or by detonation of the<br>compound, or material, or any part thereof may cause an explosion.9.Repealed by S.L. 1975, ch. 116,</div></article><aside class="right-sidebar"><div class="related-sidebar"><h3><span class="emoji">⚖️</span> State Laws</h3><ul 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height:815px; text-align:center;\"\u003eLoading PDF...\u003c/div\u003e\u003cscript type=\"text/javascript\"\u003e var pdf_url = 'https://law.justia.com/codes/north-dakota/2009/t121/pdf/t121c01.pdf'; $(document).ready(function() { var embedwindow = $(\"#embed_document\"); if ($.browser.msie){ embedwindow.html('\u003cembed src=\"'+pdf_url+'\" width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\"\u003e\u003c/embed\u003e'); } else { embedwindow.html('\u003ciframe style=\"width:100%; height:100%;\" src=\"https://docs.google.com/gview?url='+window.escape(pdf_url)+'\u0026embedded=true\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e'); } });\u003c/script\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cnoframes\u003eTITLE 12.1CRIMINAL CODECHAPTER 12.1-01APPLICATION - PURPOSES - PROOF - DEFINITIONS12.1-01-01. Title - Retroactivity - Application - Contempt power.1.Title 12.1 of the Century Code may be cited as the North Dakota Criminal Code.2.This title, except as provided in subsection 3, shall not apply to offenses committed\u003cbr\u003eprior to its effective date. Prosecutions for such offenses shall be governed by prior\u003cbr\u003elaw, which is continued in effect for that purpose. For the purposes of this section,\u003cbr\u003ean offense was committed prior to the effective date of this title if any of the\u003cbr\u003eelements of the offense occurred prior thereto.3.In cases pending on or after the effective date of this title, and involving offenses\u003cbr\u003ecommitted prior thereto:a.The provisions of this title according a defense or mitigation shall apply, with\u003cbr\u003ethe consent of the defendant.b.The court, with the consent of the defendant, may impose sentence under the\u003cbr\u003eprovisions of this title which are applicable to the offense and the offender.4.This section does not affect the power of a court or legislative assembly to punish for\u003cbr\u003econtempt, or to employ any enforcement sanction authorized by law, nor does this\u003cbr\u003esection affect any power conferred by law upon military authority to impose\u003cbr\u003epunishment upon offenders.12.1-01-02. General purposes. The general purposes of this title are to establish asystem of prohibitions, penalties, and correctional measures to deal with conduct that\u003cbr\u003eunjustifiably and inexcusably causes or threatens harm to those individual or public interests for\u003cbr\u003ewhich governmental protection is appropriate.To this end, the provisions of this title areintended, and shall be construed, to achieve the following objectives:1.To ensure the public safety through: a. vindication of public norms by the imposition\u003cbr\u003eof merited punishment; b. the deterrent influence of the penalties hereinafter\u003cbr\u003eprovided; c. the rehabilitation of those convicted of violations of this title; and d. such\u003cbr\u003econfinement as may be necessary to prevent likely recurrence of serious criminal\u003cbr\u003ebehavior.2.By definition and grading of offenses, to define the limits and systematize the\u003cbr\u003eexercise of discretion in punishment and to give fair warning of what is prohibited\u003cbr\u003eand of the consequences of violation.3.To prescribe penalties which are proportionate to the seriousness of offenses and\u003cbr\u003ewhich permit recognition of differences in rehabilitation possibilities among individual\u003cbr\u003eoffenders.4.To safeguard conduct that is without guilt from condemnation as criminal and to\u003cbr\u003econdemn conduct that is with guilt as criminal.5.To prevent arbitrary or oppressive treatment of persons accused or convicted of\u003cbr\u003eoffenses.6.To define the scope of state interest in law enforcement against specific offenses\u003cbr\u003eand to systematize the exercise of state criminal jurisdiction.Page No. 112.1-01-03. Proof and presumptions.1.No person may be convicted of an offense unless each element of the offense is\u003cbr\u003eproved beyond a reasonable doubt. An accused is presumed innocent until proven\u003cbr\u003eguilty. The fact that the accused has been arrested, confined, or charged with the\u003cbr\u003eoffense gives rise to no inference of guilt at the accused's trial. \u0026quot;Element of an\u003cbr\u003eoffense\u0026quot; means:a.The forbidden conduct;b.The attendant circumstances specified in the definition and grading of the\u003cbr\u003eoffense;c.The required culpability;d.Any required result; ande.The nonexistence of a defense as to which there is evidence in the case\u003cbr\u003esufficient to give rise to a reasonable doubt on the issue.2.Subsection 1 does not require negating a defense:a.By allegation in the charging document; orb.By proof, unless the issue is in the case as a result of evidence sufficient to\u003cbr\u003eraise a reasonable doubt on the issue.Unless it is otherwise provided or the context plainly requires otherwise, if a statute\u003cbr\u003eoutside this title defining an offense, or a related statute, or a rule or regulation\u003cbr\u003ethereunder, contains a provision constituting an exception from criminal liability for\u003cbr\u003econduct which would otherwise be included within the prohibition of the offense, that\u003cbr\u003ethe defendant came within such exception is a defense.3.Subsection 1 does not apply to any defense which is explicitly designated an\u003cbr\u003e\u0026quot;affirmative defense\u0026quot;. An affirmative defense must be proved by the defendant by a\u003cbr\u003epreponderance of evidence.4.When a statute establishes a presumption, it has the following consequences:a.If there is sufficient evidence of the facts which gave rise to the presumption,\u003cbr\u003ethe presumed fact is deemed sufficiently proved to warrant submission of the\u003cbr\u003eissue to a jury unless the court is satisfied that the evidence as a whole clearly\u003cbr\u003enegates the presumed fact.b.In submitting the issue of the existence of the presumed fact to a jury, the court\u003cbr\u003eshall charge that, although the evidence as a whole must establish the\u003cbr\u003epresumed fact beyond a reasonable doubt, the jury may arrive at that judgment\u003cbr\u003eon the basis of the presumption alone, since the law regards the facts giving\u003cbr\u003erise to the presumption as strong evidence of the fact presumed.5.When a statute declares that given facts constitute a prima facie case, proof of such\u003cbr\u003efacts warrants submission of a case to the jury with the usual instructions on burden\u003cbr\u003eof proof and without additional instructions attributing any special probative force to\u003cbr\u003ethe facts proved.12.1-01-04. General definitions. As used in this title, unless a different meaning plainlyis required:1.\u0026quot;Act\u0026quot; or \u0026quot;action\u0026quot; means a bodily movement, whether voluntary or involuntary.Page No. 22.\u0026quot;Acted\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;acts\u0026quot;, and \u0026quot;actions\u0026quot; include, where relevant, \u0026quot;omitted to act\u0026quot; and\u003cbr\u003e\u0026quot;omissions to act\u0026quot;.3.\u0026quot;Actor\u0026quot; includes, where relevant, a person guilty of an omission.4.\u0026quot;Bodily injury\u0026quot; means any impairment of physical condition, including physical pain.5.\u0026quot;Court\u0026quot; means any of the following courts: the supreme court, a district court, and\u003cbr\u003ewhere relevant, a municipal court.6.\u0026quot;Dangerous weapon\u0026quot; means, but is not limited to, any switchblade or gravity knife,\u003cbr\u003emachete, scimitar, stiletto, sword, or dagger; any billy, blackjack, sap, bludgeon,\u003cbr\u003ecudgel, metal knuckles, or sand club; any slungshot; any bow and arrow, crossbow,\u003cbr\u003eor spear; any weapon which will expel, or is readily capable of expelling, a projectile\u003cbr\u003eby the action of a spring, compressed air, or compressed gas including any such\u003cbr\u003eweapon, loaded or unloaded, commonly referred to as a BB gun, air rifle, or CO2gun; and any projector of a bomb or any object containing or capable of producing\u003cbr\u003eand emitting any noxious liquid, gas, or substance.7.\u0026quot;Destructive device\u0026quot; means any explosive, incendiary or poison gas bomb, grenade,\u003cbr\u003emine, rocket, missile, or similar device.8.\u0026quot;Explosive\u0026quot; means gunpowders, powders used for blasting, all forms of high\u003cbr\u003eexplosives, blasting materials, fuses (other than electric circuit breakers), detonators\u003cbr\u003eand other detonating agents, smokeless powders, and any chemical compounds,\u003cbr\u003emechanical mixture, or other ingredients in such 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