47-02 Classification of Ownership

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CHAPTER 47-02CLASSIFICATION OF OWNERSHIP47-02-01. Ownership - Classification. The ownership of property is:1.Absolute; or2.Qualified.47-02-02. Absolute ownership defined. The ownership of property is absolute when asingle person has the absolute dominion over it and may use it or dispose of it according to that<br>person's pleasure, subject only to general laws.47-02-03. Qualified ownership defined. The ownership of property is qualified:1.When it is shared with one or more persons;2.When the time of enjoyment is deferred or limited; or3.When the use is restricted.47-02-04. Sole or concurrent ownership designated. The ownership of property by asingle person is designated as a sole or concurrent ownership.47-02-05.Concurrent ownership defined.The ownership of property by severalpersons is either:1.Of joint interests;2.Of partnership interests; or3.Of interests in common.47-02-06. Joint tenancy interest defined. A joint interest is one owned by severalpersons in equal shares by a title created by a single will or transfer, when expressly declared in<br>the will or transfer to be a joint tenancy, or when granted or devised to executors or trustees as<br>joint tenants.47-02-07. Partnership interest defined. A partnership interest is one owned by severalpersons in partnership for partnership purposes.47-02-08.Interest in common defined.An interest in common is one owned byseveral persons not in joint ownership or partnership. Every interest created in favor of several<br>persons in their own right is an interest in common, unless acquired by them in partnership for<br>partnership purposes, or unless declared in its creation to be a joint tenancy.47-02-09.Commencement and duration of interests.In respect to the time ofenjoyment an interest in property is:1.Present or future; and2.Perpetual or limited.47-02-10. Present interest defined. A present interest means that the owner is entitledto the immediate possession of the property.Page No. 147-02-11. Future interest defined. A future interest means that the owner is entitled tothe possession of the property only at a future period.47-02-12. Perpetual interest defined. A perpetual interest has a duration equal to thatof the property.47-02-13. Limited interest defined. A limited interest has a duration less than that ofthe property.47-02-14. Determination of time of creation of limitation. The delivery of the grant,where a limitation, condition, or future interest is created by grant, and the death of the testator,<br>when it is created by will, is to be deemed the time of the creation of the limitation, condition, or<br>interest within the meaning of the laws of this state.47-02-15.Future estates - Classification.A future interest is either vested orcontingent. It is vested when there is a person in being who would have a right, defeasible or<br>indefeasible, to the immediate possession of the property upon the ceasing of the intermediate or<br>precedent interest. It is contingent while the person in whom or the event upon which it is limited<br>to take effect remains uncertain.47-02-16. Alternative contingencies. Two or more future interests may be created totake effect in the alternative so that if the first in order fails to vest, the next in succession shall be<br>substituted for it and take effect accordingly.47-02-17. Improbable contingency - Future interest valid. A future interest is not voidmerely because of the improbability of the contingency on which it is limited to take effect.47-02-18. Future estates pass. Future interests pass by succession, will, and transferin the same manner as present interests.47-02-19. Posthumous heir. When a future interest is limited to successors, heirs,issue, or children, posthumous children are entitled to take in the same manner as if living at the<br>death of their parent.47-02-20. Mere possibility not an interest. A mere possibility, such as the expectancyof an heir apparent, is not to be deemed an interest of any kind.47-02-21. Future interests - Limitation. No future interest in property is recognized bythe law, except such as is defined in this title.47-02-22. Conditions of ownership - Definition. The time when the enjoyment ofproperty is to begin or end may be determined by computation or made to depend on events. In<br>the latter case, the enjoyment is said to be upon condition.47-02-23. Conditions - Classification. Conditions are precedent or subsequent. Theformer fix the beginning, the latter the ending of the right.47-02-24. Illegal conditions void. If a condition precedent requires the performance ofan act wrong in itself, the instrument containing it is so far void, and the right cannot exist. If it<br>requires the performance of an act not wrong of itself, but otherwise unlawful, the instrument<br>takes effect and the condition is void.47-02-25. Restraints upon marriage void - Use until marriage. Conditions imposingrestraints upon marriage, except upon the marriage of a minor, or of the widow of the person by<br>whom the condition is imposed, are void. This does not affect limitations when the intent was not<br>to forbid marriage but only to give the use until marriage.47-02-26.Restraints on alienation - When void. Conditions restraining alienation,when repugnant to the interest created, are void.Page No. 247-02-27. Suspension of power of alienation - Rule against perpetuities. 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height:815px; text-align:center;\"\u003eLoading PDF...\u003c/div\u003e\u003cscript type=\"text/javascript\"\u003e var pdf_url = 'https://law.justia.com/codes/north-dakota/2009/t47/pdf/t47c02.pdf'; $(document).ready(function() { var embedwindow = $(\"#embed_document\"); if ($.browser.msie){ embedwindow.html('\u003cembed src=\"'+pdf_url+'\" width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\"\u003e\u003c/embed\u003e'); } else { embedwindow.html('\u003ciframe style=\"width:100%; height:100%;\" src=\"https://docs.google.com/gview?url='+window.escape(pdf_url)+'\u0026embedded=true\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e'); } });\u003c/script\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cnoframes\u003eCHAPTER 47-02CLASSIFICATION OF OWNERSHIP47-02-01. Ownership - Classification. The ownership of property is:1.Absolute; or2.Qualified.47-02-02. Absolute ownership defined. The ownership of property is absolute when asingle person has the absolute dominion over it and may use it or dispose of it according to that\u003cbr\u003eperson's pleasure, subject only to general laws.47-02-03. Qualified ownership defined. The ownership of property is qualified:1.When it is shared with one or more persons;2.When the time of enjoyment is deferred or limited; or3.When the use is restricted.47-02-04. Sole or concurrent ownership designated. The ownership of property by asingle person is designated as a sole or concurrent ownership.47-02-05.Concurrent ownership defined.The ownership of property by severalpersons is either:1.Of joint interests;2.Of partnership interests; or3.Of interests in common.47-02-06. Joint tenancy interest defined. A joint interest is one owned by severalpersons in equal shares by a title created by a single will or transfer, when expressly declared in\u003cbr\u003ethe will or transfer to be a joint tenancy, or when granted or devised to executors or trustees as\u003cbr\u003ejoint tenants.47-02-07. Partnership interest defined. A partnership interest is one owned by severalpersons in partnership for partnership purposes.47-02-08.Interest in common defined.An interest in common is one owned byseveral persons not in joint ownership or partnership. Every interest created in favor of several\u003cbr\u003epersons in their own right is an interest in common, unless acquired by them in partnership for\u003cbr\u003epartnership purposes, or unless declared in its creation to be a joint tenancy.47-02-09.Commencement and duration of interests.In respect to the time ofenjoyment an interest in property is:1.Present or future; and2.Perpetual or limited.47-02-10. Present interest defined. A present interest means that the owner is entitledto the immediate possession of the property.Page No. 147-02-11. Future interest defined. A future interest means that the owner is entitled tothe possession of the property only at a future period.47-02-12. Perpetual interest defined. A perpetual interest has a duration equal to thatof the property.47-02-13. Limited interest defined. A limited interest has a duration less than that ofthe property.47-02-14. Determination of time of creation of limitation. The delivery of the grant,where a limitation, condition, or future interest is created by grant, and the death of the testator,\u003cbr\u003ewhen it is created by will, is to be deemed the time of the creation of the limitation, condition, or\u003cbr\u003einterest within the meaning of the laws of this state.47-02-15.Future estates - Classification.A future interest is either vested orcontingent. It is vested when there is a person in being who would have a right, defeasible or\u003cbr\u003eindefeasible, to the immediate possession of the property upon the ceasing of the intermediate or\u003cbr\u003eprecedent interest. It is contingent while the person in whom or the event upon which it is limited\u003cbr\u003eto take effect remains uncertain.47-02-16. Alternative contingencies. Two or more future interests may be created totake effect in the alternative so that if the first in order fails to vest, the next in succession shall be\u003cbr\u003esubstituted for it and take effect accordingly.47-02-17. Improbable contingency - Future interest valid. A future interest is not voidmerely because of the improbability of the contingency on which it is limited to take effect.47-02-18. Future estates pass. Future interests pass by succession, will, and transferin the same manner as present interests.47-02-19. Posthumous heir. When a future interest is limited to successors, heirs,issue, or children, posthumous children are entitled to take in the same manner as if living at the\u003cbr\u003edeath of their parent.47-02-20. Mere possibility not an interest. A mere possibility, such as the expectancyof an heir apparent, is not to be deemed an interest of any kind.47-02-21. Future interests - Limitation. No future interest in property is recognized bythe law, except such as is defined in this title.47-02-22. Conditions of ownership - Definition. The time when the enjoyment ofproperty is to begin or end may be determined by computation or made to depend on events. In\u003cbr\u003ethe latter case, the enjoyment is said to be upon condition.47-02-23. Conditions - Classification. Conditions are precedent or subsequent. Theformer fix the beginning, the latter the ending of the right.47-02-24. Illegal conditions void. If a condition precedent requires the performance ofan act wrong in itself, the instrument containing it is so far void, and the right cannot exist. If it\u003cbr\u003erequires the performance of an act not wrong of itself, but otherwise unlawful, the instrument\u003cbr\u003etakes effect and the condition is void.47-02-25. Restraints upon marriage void - Use until marriage. Conditions imposingrestraints upon marriage, except upon the marriage of a minor, or of the widow of the person by\u003cbr\u003ewhom the condition is imposed, are void. This does not affect limitations when the intent was not\u003cbr\u003eto forbid marriage but only to give the use until marriage.47-02-26.Restraints on alienation - When void. Conditions restraining alienation,when repugnant to the interest created, are void.Page No. 247-02-27. Suspension of power of alienation - Rule against perpetuities. Repealedby S.L. 1991, ch. 484,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"3c:[\"$\",\"article\",null,{\"className\":\"article-content\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"header\",null,{\"className\":\"article-header\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$Le\",null,{\"href\":\"/north-dakota/\",\"className\":\"article-category\",\"children\":[\"North Dakota\",\" Statutes\"]}],[\"$\",\"h1\",null,{\"className\":\"article-title\",\"children\":\"47-02 Classification of Ownership\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"article-body statute-content\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"$3e\"}}],false]}]\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"3d:[\"$\",\"aside\",null,{\"className\":\"right-sidebar\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"related-sidebar\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"h3\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"span\",null,{\"className\":\"emoji\",\"children\":\"⚖️\"}],\" State 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