61-04.1 Weather Modification

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CHAPTER 61-04.1WEATHER MODIFICATION61-04.1-01. Extended state ownership of water sovereignty over moisture. In orderthat the state may share to the fullest extent in the benefits already gained through fundamental<br>research and investigation on new and improved means for predicting, influencing, and<br>controlling the weather, for the best interest, general welfare, health, and safety of all the people<br>of the state, and to provide proper safeguards in applying the measures for use in connection<br>therewith in order to protect life and property, it is deemed necessary and hereby declared that<br>the state of North Dakota claims its sovereign right to use the moisture contained in the clouds<br>and atmosphere within the state boundaries.All water derived as a result of weathermodification operations shall be considered a part of North Dakota's basic water supply and all<br>statutes, rules, and regulations applying to natural precipitation shall also apply to precipitation<br>resulting from cloud seeding.61-04.1-02. Declaration of policy and purpose. The legislative assembly finds thatweather modification affects the public health, safety, and welfare, and that, properly conducted,<br>weather modification operations can improve water quality and quantity, reduce losses from<br>weather hazards, and provide economic benefits for the people of the state. Therefore, in the<br>public interest, weather modification shall be subject to regulation and control, and research and<br>development shall be encouraged. To minimize possible adverse effects, weather modification<br>operations shall be carried on with proper safeguards, and accurate information shall be<br>recorded concerning such operations and the benefits obtained therefrom by the people of the<br>state.61-04.1-03. Definitions. As used in this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires:1."Board" means the North Dakota atmospheric resource board which, in the exercise<br>of the powers granted under this chapter, has all of the powers of an administrative<br>agency as defined in chapter 28-32.2."Controller" refers to any licensee duly authorized in this state to engage in weather<br>modification operations.3."Geographical region" means a geographical area with a contiguous boundary that<br>may enclose a portion of any county or counties.4."Hail suppression" refers to the activation of any process that will reduce, modify,<br>suppress, eliminate, or soften hail formed in clouds or storms.5."Increasing precipitation" refers to the activation of any process that will actually<br>result in greater amounts of moisture reaching the ground in any area from a cloud<br>or cloud system than would have occurred naturally.6."Initiating precipitation" refers to the process of causing precipitation from clouds<br>which could not otherwise have occurred naturally or inducing precipitation<br>significantly earlier than would have occurred naturally.7."Operation" means the performance of any weather modification activity undertaken<br>for the purpose of producing or attempting to produce any form of modifying effect<br>upon the weather within a limited geographical area or within a limited period of<br>time.8."Research and development" means exploration, field experimentation, and<br>extension of investigative findings and theories of a scientific or technical nature into<br>practical application for experimental and demonstration purposes, including the<br>experimental production of models, devices, equipment, materials, and processes.Page No. 19."Weather modification" means and extends to the control, alteration, and<br>amelioration of weather elements, including man-caused changes in the natural<br>precipitation process, hail suppression or modification, and alteration of other<br>weather phenomena, including clouds, temperature, wind direction, and velocity, and<br>the initiating, increasing, decreasing, and otherwise modifying by artificial methods of<br>precipitation in the form of rain, snow, hail, mist, or fog through cloud seeding,<br>electrification, or by other means to provide immediate practical benefits.10."Weather modification authority" means the governing body created by a board of<br>countycommissionersundersection61-04.1-22.1,61-04.1-23,61-04.1-27,61-04.1-29, or 61-04.1-31.61-04.1-03.1. Atmospheric resource board. Repealed by S.L. 1999, ch. 538,</div></article><aside class="right-sidebar"><div class="related-sidebar"><h3><span class="emoji">⚖️</span> State Laws</h3><ul class="state-laws-list"><li><a href="https://state-laws.laws.com/state-of-alabama">The State Laws of Alabama</a></li><li><a href="https://state-laws.laws.com/state-of-alaska">The State Laws of Alaska</a></li><li><a href="https://state-laws.laws.com/state-of-arizona">The State Laws of Arizona</a></li><li><a href="https://state-laws.laws.com/state-of-arkansas">The State Laws of Arkansas</a></li><li><a href="https://state-laws.laws.com/state-of-california">The State Laws of California</a></li><li><a href="https://state-laws.laws.com/state-of-colorado">The State Laws of Colorado</a></li><li><a href="https://state-laws.laws.com/state-of-connecticut">The State Laws of Connecticut</a></li><li><a href="https://state-laws.laws.com/state-of-delaware">The State Laws of Delaware</a></li><li><a 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height:815px; text-align:center;\"\u003eLoading PDF...\u003c/div\u003e\u003cscript type=\"text/javascript\"\u003e var pdf_url = 'https://law.justia.com/codes/north-dakota/2009/t61/pdf/t61c041.pdf'; $(document).ready(function() { var embedwindow = $(\"#embed_document\"); if ($.browser.msie){ embedwindow.html('\u003cembed src=\"'+pdf_url+'\" width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\"\u003e\u003c/embed\u003e'); } else { embedwindow.html('\u003ciframe style=\"width:100%; height:100%;\" src=\"https://docs.google.com/gview?url='+window.escape(pdf_url)+'\u0026embedded=true\" frameborder=\"0\"\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e'); } });\u003c/script\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cnoframes\u003eCHAPTER 61-04.1WEATHER MODIFICATION61-04.1-01. Extended state ownership of water sovereignty over moisture. In orderthat the state may share to the fullest extent in the benefits already gained through fundamental\u003cbr\u003eresearch and investigation on new and improved means for predicting, influencing, and\u003cbr\u003econtrolling the weather, for the best interest, general welfare, health, and safety of all the people\u003cbr\u003eof the state, and to provide proper safeguards in applying the measures for use in connection\u003cbr\u003etherewith in order to protect life and property, it is deemed necessary and hereby declared that\u003cbr\u003ethe state of North Dakota claims its sovereign right to use the moisture contained in the clouds\u003cbr\u003eand atmosphere within the state boundaries.All water derived as a result of weathermodification operations shall be considered a part of North Dakota's basic water supply and all\u003cbr\u003estatutes, rules, and regulations applying to natural precipitation shall also apply to precipitation\u003cbr\u003eresulting from cloud seeding.61-04.1-02. Declaration of policy and purpose. The legislative assembly finds thatweather modification affects the public health, safety, and welfare, and that, properly conducted,\u003cbr\u003eweather modification operations can improve water quality and quantity, reduce losses from\u003cbr\u003eweather hazards, and provide economic benefits for the people of the state. Therefore, in the\u003cbr\u003epublic interest, weather modification shall be subject to regulation and control, and research and\u003cbr\u003edevelopment shall be encouraged. To minimize possible adverse effects, weather modification\u003cbr\u003eoperations shall be carried on with proper safeguards, and accurate information shall be\u003cbr\u003erecorded concerning such operations and the benefits obtained therefrom by the people of the\u003cbr\u003estate.61-04.1-03. Definitions. As used in this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires:1.\u0026quot;Board\u0026quot; means the North Dakota atmospheric resource board which, in the exercise\u003cbr\u003eof the powers granted under this chapter, has all of the powers of an administrative\u003cbr\u003eagency as defined in chapter 28-32.2.\u0026quot;Controller\u0026quot; refers to any licensee duly authorized in this state to engage in weather\u003cbr\u003emodification operations.3.\u0026quot;Geographical region\u0026quot; means a geographical area with a contiguous boundary that\u003cbr\u003emay enclose a portion of any county or counties.4.\u0026quot;Hail suppression\u0026quot; refers to the activation of any process that will reduce, modify,\u003cbr\u003esuppress, eliminate, or soften hail formed in clouds or storms.5.\u0026quot;Increasing precipitation\u0026quot; refers to the activation of any process that will actually\u003cbr\u003eresult in greater amounts of moisture reaching the ground in any area from a cloud\u003cbr\u003eor cloud system than would have occurred naturally.6.\u0026quot;Initiating precipitation\u0026quot; refers to the process of causing precipitation from clouds\u003cbr\u003ewhich could not otherwise have occurred naturally or inducing precipitation\u003cbr\u003esignificantly earlier than would have occurred naturally.7.\u0026quot;Operation\u0026quot; means the performance of any weather modification activity undertaken\u003cbr\u003efor the purpose of producing or attempting to produce any form of modifying effect\u003cbr\u003eupon the weather within a limited geographical area or within a limited period of\u003cbr\u003etime.8.\u0026quot;Research and development\u0026quot; means exploration, field experimentation, and\u003cbr\u003eextension of investigative findings and theories of a scientific or technical nature into\u003cbr\u003epractical application for experimental and demonstration purposes, including the\u003cbr\u003eexperimental production of models, devices, equipment, materials, and processes.Page No. 19.\u0026quot;Weather modification\u0026quot; means and extends to the control, alteration, and\u003cbr\u003eamelioration of weather elements, including man-caused changes in the natural\u003cbr\u003eprecipitation process, hail suppression or modification, and alteration of other\u003cbr\u003eweather phenomena, including clouds, temperature, wind direction, and velocity, and\u003cbr\u003ethe initiating, increasing, decreasing, and otherwise modifying by artificial methods of\u003cbr\u003eprecipitation in the form of rain, snow, hail, mist, or fog through cloud seeding,\u003cbr\u003eelectrification, or by other means to provide immediate practical benefits.10.\u0026quot;Weather modification authority\u0026quot; means the governing body created by a board of\u003cbr\u003ecountycommissionersundersection61-04.1-22.1,61-04.1-23,61-04.1-27,61-04.1-29, or 61-04.1-31.61-04.1-03.1. Atmospheric resource board. 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